Medicinal Chemistry II 21 Diuretics Introduction Classification BPharmacy 5th Semester

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Download the Solution Pharmacy Mobile App to Get All Uploaded Notes, Model Question Papers, Answer Papers, Online Tests and other GPAT Materials - https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... • Introduction: • Diuretics are a class of drugs that promote diuresis, which is the increased production of urine. They work by altering the reabsorption of sodium (and subsequently water) in the kidneys, leading to increased urine output. Diuretics are commonly used to manage conditions like hypertension, heart failure, kidney disorders, and edema (fluid retention). • Classification: • Diuretics are categorized into several classes based on their mechanism of action and site of action within the kidneys. The major classes of diuretics include: • 1. Thiazide Diuretics: • Mechanism of Action: Thiazides inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This leads to increased excretion of sodium and water. • Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide. • 2. Loop Diuretics: • Mechanism of Action: Loop diuretics act on the ascending loop of Henle in the nephron. They inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter, causing a significant loss of sodium, potassium, and water. • Examples: Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide. • 3. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: • Mechanism of Action: Potassium-sparing diuretics work by blocking the sodium channels in the collecting ducts of the nephron. This leads to reduced sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. • 4. Subtypes: • Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists (Competitive): Spironolactone, Eplerenone. • Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers: Amiloride, Triamterene. • 5. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: • Mechanism of Action: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work by blocking the action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule. This leads to increased excretion of bicarbonate, sodium, and water. • Examples: Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide (used topically in ophthalmology). • 6. Osmotic Diuretics: • Mechanism of Action: Osmotic diuretics are not directly related to renal tubular function. They work by increasing the osmolarity of the filtrate in the nephron, which inhibits water reabsorption. • Examples: Mannitol, Urea. • Combination Diuretics: • These are formulations that combine diuretics from different classes to achieve a synergistic effect or to counteract potential electrolyte imbalances. • Example: Hydrochlorothiazide and Amiloride. • Clinical Use: • 1. Hypertension: Diuretics are often used as first-line treatment for high blood pressure. They help reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure. • 2. Edema: Diuretics are used to treat conditions associated with fluid retention, such as heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disorders. • 3. Kidney Disorders: Diuretics can help manage conditions like nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury. • 4. Glaucoma (Topical Use): Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like dorzolamide are used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma. • Get in touch with the solution by just clicking the following links- • Facebook Group- / solutionpharamcy • Mobile App - https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... • New Channel (Pharmacy Dictionary) / @pharmacydictionary • E-Mail for official and other work - [email protected] • #solutionpharmacy #Pharmacologyclass #Pharmacognosyvideos #GPAT

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