Nitrogen Cycle Biogeochemical Cycles Ecosystem

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The nitrogen cycle is a crucial biogeochemical process that transforms nitrogen into various chemical forms, facilitating its availability to living organisms. Key processes in the nitrogen cycle include nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fixation, primarily carried out by certain bacteria and archaea, converts atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), a form that plants can use. Nitrification further transforms ammonia into nitrate (NO₃⁻) through a two-step process involving nitrite (NO₂⁻) as an intermediate. Plants assimilate nitrates into organic compounds, which are then consumed by animals, incorporating nitrogen into their biological systems. • When organisms excrete waste or die, decomposers, including bacteria and fungi, convert organic nitrogen back into ammonia through ammonification. This ammonia can be taken up directly by plants or undergo nitrification again. Denitrification completes the cycle by converting nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen (N₂), thus maintaining the balance of nitrogen in the ecosystem. This cycle is vital for sustaining the productivity of ecosystems and agricultural systems, as nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Human activities, such as the use of synthetic fertilizers and fossil fuel combustion, have significantly impacted the nitrogen cycle, leading to environmental concerns like eutrophication and climate 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