Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC Pathology Hindi Lectures

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𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝗙𝐨𝐫 𝗠𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝗜𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝗛𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 👩‍⚕‍ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗠𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞💉🩺💊 • 📌𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 : / clinical.learning • Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC: Pathology Hindi Lectures - • -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a critical component of the immune system. It plays a vital role in recognizing foreign molecules and ensuring that the immune system reacts to invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, while ignoring the body’s own tissues. The MHC genes are highly polymorphic and are key to immune responses, transplant compatibility, and autoimmune disease susceptibility. • There are two main types of MHC molecules: MHC Class I and MHC Class II, each performing distinct functions in the immune response. • Types of MHC - • 1. MHC Class I 🦠 - • Location: MHC Class I molecules are expressed on the surface of almost all nucleated cells in the body (except RBCs). • Function: They present intracellular antigens (like viral proteins) to CD8+ Cytotoxic T-cells. When a virus infects a cell, viral proteins are processed into small fragments and displayed on MHC I molecules on the surface. This allows CD8+ T-cells to recognize and destroy the infected cells. • Examples: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C • 2. MHC Class II 🧬 - • Location: MHC Class II molecules are expressed on Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells. • Function: MHC II presents extracellular antigens (e.g., bacterial proteins) to CD4+ Helper T-cells. When APCs engulf pathogens, the antigens are broken down and displayed on MHC II molecules, which activate Helper T-cells to stimulate other immune cells. • Examples: HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP • MHC and Immune Response Mechanism 🧫- • MHC Class I Pathway: • When a virus infects a cell, the cell breaks down viral proteins and displays these fragments on MHC I molecules. This process helps CD8+ Cytotoxic T-cells identify and kill infected cells. The recognition of the viral antigen by the T-cell receptor leads to the destruction of the virus-infected cells. • MHC Class II Pathway: • APCs (like macrophages) engulf extracellular bacteria, degrade them, and present the antigen on MHC II molecules. CD4+ Helper T-cells recognize this complex and activate other immune cells (like B-cells and macrophages) to fight the infection. • Role of MHC in Disease and Transplantation 🏥- • Organ Transplantation: • HLA matching is crucial for organ transplantation. The more similar the MHC molecules between the donor and the recipient, the lesser the chance of organ rejection. If the MHC molecules are too different, the recipient's immune system will recognize the transplant as foreign and reject it. • Autoimmune Diseases: • Certain MHC alleles are associated with autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. For example, Type 1 Diabetes and Rheumatoid Arthritis are linked with specific HLA types. • Cancer Immunology: • Tumor cells can sometimes evade immune detection by downregulating MHC Class I expression. MHC studies are essential in designing cancer immunotherapies that enhance immune system recognition of tumor cells. • Clinical Importance of MHC • Autoimmune Disorders: Certain HLA alleles predispose individuals to autoimmune conditions. For example: • HLA-B27 is associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis. • HLA-DR3/DR4 are linked to Type 1 Diabetes. • Vaccination: MHC plays a role in how effectively vaccines work. Some people may respond better to vaccines due to their MHC makeup. • HLA Typing: This is a critical test for determining the compatibility in organ transplants to reduce the risk of rejection. • Conclusion • The MHC system is an essential part of the immune system, critical in pathogen recognition, immune response, transplantation compatibility, and the development of certain autoimmune diseases. Understanding the role of MHC is fundamental in both clinical immunology and therapeutic applications, such as in the design of vaccines and immunotherapies. • #MHC #Immunology #PathologyLecture #MHCClassI #MHCClassII #HLATyping #AutoimmuneDiseases #OrganTransplant #ImmuneSystem #ImmunologyInAction

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