Aldehydes and Ketones AQA A level Chemistry

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3.3.8 Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives all contain the carbonyl group which is attacked by nucleophiles. This section includes the addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones. • Aldehydes are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids. • Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones including Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent. • Aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols, and ketones to secondary alcohols, using NaBH4 in aqueous solution. These reduction reactions are examples of nucleophilic addition. • The nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds with KCN, followed by dilute acid, to produce hydroxynitriles. • Aldehydes and unsymmetrical ketones form mixtures of enantiomers when they react with KCN followed by dilute acid. • The hazards of using KCN. • Students should be able to: • •• write overall equations for reduction reactions using [H] as the reductant • •• outline the nucleophilic addition mechanism for reduction reactions with NaBH4 (the nucleophile should be shown as H–) • •• write overall equations for the formation of hydroxynitriles using HCN • •• outline the nucleophilic addition mechanism for the reaction with KCN followed by dilute acid • •• explain why nucleophilic addition reactions of KCN, followed by dilute acid, can produce a mixture of 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