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The Sumerians Pioneers of Civilization
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The Sumerians : Pioneers of Civilization • Prepared and written by : Milad Korkis • Youtube URL : • The Sumerians were an ancient civilization that flourished in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq) around 4500 to 1900 BCE. They are considered one of the earliest known civilizations in the world and were instrumental in shaping the cultural, technological, and political development of humanity. • Key Features of the Sumerians: • 1. Geography: • The Sumerians lived in the fertile region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as the Cradle of Civilization. This area enabled the development of advanced agriculture. • • 2. Cities and Society: • Sumerian society was organized around city-states such as Ur, Uruk, Lagash, and Eridu. Each city-state was politically independent, often ruled by a king (called a lugal), and centered around a temple dedicated to a patron deity. • • 3. Writing System: • The Sumerians are credited with creating cuneiform, one of the world's first writing systems. They initially used it for record-keeping but later expanded it to literature, law, and administration. • • 4. Innovations: • Irrigation and Agriculture: They developed complex irrigation systems to control water from rivers, allowing for surplus agriculture. • Architecture: Known for building ziggurats, massive step-pyramid structures that served religious and administrative purposes. • Mathematics and Astronomy: They devised a sexagesimal (base-60) number system, which influences how we measure time (e.g., 60 seconds in a minute). • Wheel and Plow: Innovations like the wheel and the plow significantly advanced transportation and farming. • • 5. Religion and Mythology: • The Sumerians practiced polytheism, worshiping gods like Anu (sky god), Enlil (god of air), and Inanna (goddess of love and war). Their religious beliefs were deeply intertwined with their view of life and governance. • • 6. Cultural Achievements: • Sumerian literature includes the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest surviving works of literature, exploring themes like heroism, mortality, and friendship. • • 7. Decline: • Over time, the Sumerians faced invasions and pressures from neighboring groups like the Akkadians, Amorites, and eventually the Babylonians. By 2000 BCE, their civilization was absorbed into these subsequent empires. • • The Sumerians' contributions laid the foundation for later civilizations, making them central figures in the story of human development. • #SyriaHistory #Ugarit #EblaTablets #Palmyra #HellenisticSyria #AbbasidCaliphate #OttomanSyria #SyrianCuisine #CulturalHeritage #SyrianConflict #Aramaic #Aramean #Arameans #Culture #history #aramäer #historisch #Mesopotamien #Bethnahrin #mesopotamia #reels #sumar #sumaring
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