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The chicken (Gallus domesticus) is a large and round short-winged bird, domesticated from the red junglefowl of Southeast Asia around 8,000 years ago. Most chickens are raised for food, providing meat and eggs; others are kept as pets or for cockfighting. • Chicken • Male (left) and female chickens • Conservation status • Domesticated • Scientific classificationEdit this classification • Domain: • Eukaryota • Kingdom: • Animalia • Phylum: • Chordata • Class: • Aves • Order: • Galliformes • Family: • Phasianidae • Genus: • Gallus • Species: • G. g. domesticus • Binomial name • Gallus gallus domesticus • (Linnaeus, 1758) • Chicken distribution • Synonyms • Gallus domesticus L. • Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 26.5 billion as of 2023, and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. There are numerous cultural references to chickens in folklore, religion, and literature. • Nomenclature • Terms for chickens include: • Biddy: a chicken, or a newly hatched chicken[1][2] • Capon: a castrated or neutered male chicken[a] • Chick: a young chicken[3] • Chook /tʃʊk/: a chicken (Australia/New Zealand, informal)[4] • Cock: a fertile adult male chicken[5][6] • Cockerel: a young male chicken[7] • Hen: an adult female chicken[8] • Pullet: a young female chicken less than a year old.[9] In the poultry industry, a pullet is a sexually immature chicken less than 22 weeks of age.[10] • Rooster: a fertile adult male chicken, especially in North America. Originated in the 18th century, possibly as a euphemism to avoid the sexual connotation of the word cock.[11][12][13] • Yardbird: a chicken (southern United States, dialectal)[14] • Chicken can mean a chick, as in William Shakespeare's play Macbeth, where Macduff laments the death of all my pretty chickens and their dam .[15] The usage is preserved in placenames such as the Hen and Chicken Islands.[16] In older sources, and still often in trade and scientific contexts, chickens as a species are described as common fowl or domestic fowl.[17] • Description • Comb of male • Comb of female, generally smaller • Chickens are relatively large birds, active by day. The body is round, the legs are unfeathered in most breeds, and the wings are short.[18] Wild junglefowl can fly; chickens and their flight muscles are too heavy to allow them to fly more than a short distance.[19] Size and coloration vary widely between breeds.[18] Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called wattles; combs and wattles are more prominent in males. Some breeds have a mutation that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard.[20] • Chickens are omnivores.[21] In the wild, they scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects, and animals as large as lizards, small snakes,[22] and young mice.[23] A chicken may live for 5–10 years, depending on the breed.[24] The world's oldest known chicken lived for 16 years.[25] • Chickens are gregarious, living in flocks, and incubate eggs and raise young communally. Individual chickens dominate others, establishing a pecking order; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking, was described in female chickens by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921 as the pecking order .[26][27] Male chickens tend to leap and use their claws in conflicts.[28] Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced predator, such as a young fox.[29] • Duration: 6 seconds.0:06 • Crowing (with audio) • A male's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males,[30] and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg and to call their chicks. Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that a predator is approaching from the air or on the ground.[31
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