Youtor
Mitochondria from structure to function overview
>> YOUR LINK HERE: ___ http://youtube.com/watch?v=6oP-Bc-w0CU
Mitochondrial DNA inheritance pattern - lecture explains about cytoplasmic inheritance or maternal inheritance pattern. • http://shomusbiology.weebly.com/ • Download the study materials here- • http://shomusbiology.weebly.com/bio-m... • In most multicellular organisms, mtDNA is inherited from the mother (maternally inherited). Mechanisms for this include simple dilution (an egg contains 100,000 to 1,000,000 mtDNA molecules, whereas a sperm contains only 100 to 1000), degradation of sperm mtDNA in the fertilized egg, and, at least in a few organisms, failure of sperm mtDNA to enter the egg. Whatever the mechanism, this single parent (uniparental) pattern of mtDNA inheritance is found in most animals, most plants and in fungi as well. • Female inheritance • In sexual reproduction, mitochondria are normally inherited exclusively from the mother. The mitochondria in mammalian sperm are usually destroyed by the egg cell after fertilization. Also, most mitochondria are present at the base of the sperm's tail, which is used for propelling the sperm cells. Sometimes the tail is lost during fertilization. In 1999 it was reported that paternal sperm mitochondria (containing mtDNA) are marked with ubiquitin to select them for later destruction inside the embryo.[5] Some in vitro fertilization techniques, particularly injecting a sperm into an oocyte, may interfere with this. • The fact that mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited enables researchers to trace maternal lineage far back in time. (Y-chromosomal DNA, paternally inherited, is used in an analogous way to trace the agnate lineage.) This is accomplished on human mitochondrial DNA by sequencing one or more of the hypervariable control regions (HVR1 or HVR2) of the mitochondrial DNA, as with a genealogical DNA test. HVR1 consists of about 440 base pairs. These 440 base pairs are then compared to the control regions of other individuals (either specific people or subjects in a database) to determine maternal lineage. Most often, the comparison is made to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. Vilà et al. have published studies tracing the matrilineal descent of domestic dogs to wolves.[6] The concept of the Mitochondrial Eve is based on the same type of analysis, attempting to discover the origin of humanity by tracking the lineage back in time. • Because mtDNA is not highly conserved and has a rapid mutation rate, it is useful for studying the evolutionary relationships - phylogeny - of organisms. Biologists can determine and then compare mtDNA sequences among different species and use the comparisons to build an evolutionary tree for the species examined. • Because mtDNA is transmitted from mother to child (both male and female), it can be a useful tool in genealogical research into a person's maternal line. • Male inheritance • Main article: Paternal mtDNA transmission • It has been reported that mitochondria can occasionally be inherited from the father in some species such as mussels.[7][8] Paternally inherited mitochondria have additionally been reported in some insects such as fruit flies,[9] honeybees,[10] and periodical cicadas.[11] • Evidence supports rare instances of male mitochondrial inheritance in some mammals as well. Specifically, documented occurrences exist for mice,[12][13] where the male-inherited mitochondria was subsequently rejected. It has also been found in sheep,[14] and in cloned cattle.[15] It has been found in a single case in a human male.[16] • While many of these cases involve cloned embryos or subsequent rejection of the paternal mitochondria, others document in vivo inheritance and persistence under lab conditions. • Source of the article published in description is Wikipedia. I am sharing their material. © by original content developers of Wikipedia. • Link- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
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