What are Presumptions in Statutory Interpretation

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The first question is, what are presumptions? • Presumptions are the basic ‘expectations’ with respect to the legislative intent and the operation of statutes. • In simple words, presumptions are some expectations - based on common sense and fairness and the principles of natural justice. • These expectations are used in every step of the interpretation of statutes. • For example, if a statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no need for interpretation - it should be implemented or enforced as is. • If there is a need for interpretation, the primary principles are applied first - such as the literal rule, the golden rule etc. • If required, the secondary principles are applied next, to fine-tune the interpretation that was done through the primary rule. • The secondary rules are all those Latin phrases we discussed - such as Reddendo Singula Singulis, Ejusdem Generis. • Here, the presumptions are applied at every step of the interpretation process. • For example, the presumption of constitutionality - which is the presumption that the legislature would not have intentionally created statutes to violate the constitution. • If a statute, as per its literal text, appears to violate the constitution, then interpretation is required. • When the primary principles are applied and there are two or more possible interpretations - then the versions which violate the constitution should be discarded. • Same with secondary principles - after applying these principles if there are multiple possible interpretations - then any version which appears to violate the constitution should be ignored. • Even while implementing or enforcing the statute, if there is any violation of the constitution - then go back to step one and reinterpret again. • As I mentioned, these presumptions are based on common-sense and basic legal principles - because the constitution is the highest rule book of the country - it is common sense and a basic legal principle that the legislature can make laws within the power granted by the constitution and not violate the constitution 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