Trait Approaches to Leadership

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Although leaders and leadership have profoundly influenced the course of human events, careful scientific study of them began only about a century ago. Early studies focused on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders. Later research shifted to examine actual leader behaviors. • Early researchers believed that leaders such as these had some unique set of qualities or traits that distinguished them from their peers. Moreover, these traits were presumed to be relatively stable and enduring. • Following this trait approach, these researchers focused on identifying leadership traits, developing methods for measuring them, and using the methods to select leaders. Hundreds of studies guided by this research agenda were conducted during the first several decades of the twentieth century. The earliest writers believed that important leadership traits included intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, energy, activity, and task-relevant knowledge. • The trait approach to leadership focuses on stable and identifiable traits that differentiate effective leaders from 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