Taxonomic collection notes with explanation for msc zoology 1 semester module 4

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Taxonomic collections: • Biological collections are typically preserved • plant or animal specimens along with specimen • documentation such as labels and notations. • Types of collection • Most biological collections are either dry • collections or wet collections. They also may • include collections preserved at low temperatures • or microscopy collections. • Dry collections • Dry collections consist of those specimens that • are preserved in a dry state. Two factors influence • decisions about preserving specimens this way: • Rigidity - Some specimens can be preserved • naturally (starfish) or artificially with sufficient • rigidity to accommodate normal handling. Such • specimens often are suitable for dry preservation. • Specific characteristics - Drying may provide the • best available means to preserve natural colours • (for example, butterflies) or distinguishing features • (such as skeletal parts or surface details). Such • specimens in a dry state may have great potential • for interpretation and research. • Wet collections • • Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid • preservative to prevent their deterioration. Certain • biological specimens are preserved in a wet form • due to: Convenience - an intent to preserve body • form and soft parts for a variety of uses. When • colour preservation is not critical and dry • preservation sacrifices qualities needed for other • intended uses, fluid preservation is beneficial. • Biological low-temperature collections • Specimens are maintained at low temperatures to • preserve: • • soft parts for various biochemical analyses • • Some algae, Protozoa (especially parasitic • strains), Viruses, Bacteria, Bacteriophages, • Plasmids • • Animal tissues (dissected organs, • muscles),Cell lines • • Blood and blood components (serum, plasma • etc) • • Semen, Venom • • Other samples (isolated proteins and nucleic • acids, cell suspensions) • Biological microscopy collections: • Scientists preserve certain specimens as • microscope preparations to preserve whole or • partial organisms for: • • various kinds of microscopic examination • microscopic examination • Biochemical analyses, extraction of DNA. • • Histology • • Karyology • • Scales • • hair • Value of biological collections • Most biological collections are highly valuable • for the following reasons. Museums are only place • where extinct species are preserved. • • specimens of special historical value. • • specimens rarely found in any collections. • • Many areas in world are geographically • inaccessible. • Material from • such area are • invaluable • are preserved at • all costs. • Methods of collections: • • Mist net collection • • Collection of insects light trap. • • Sweeping net. • • Aquatic insects and other • arthropods are collected by • using dip-nets plankton nets. ip-nets plankton nets. • • Trawling and • dredging for • collecting deep • sea animals • Killing Jar: • Spreading tray: • Carcasses or remnants • Carcasses or remnants • of dead animals, scat and • other biological material • found in the wild may be • very useful for obtaining data about wild • populations. It can no longer be regarded as ethical • to kill threatened wild animals for obtaining skins • for collections; carcasses of animals found or • confiscated from poachers may serve as a better • source of material for reference collections. • Skeletal material, skulls, owl pellets may be an • interesting source of bones, hair samples; • reference hair collection of sympatric species, • Fur and hair • After removing the skin from the animal, as • much flesh as possible should be removed, but • without damaging the skin with hair roots. Then with hair roots. Then the skin can be dried in the sun, or if necessary, • high over a fire, either hung on a line or stretched • between pegs. Salting the skin will speed the • drying process and temporarily preserve the skin. • Areas that still have flesh or fat should be salted • thoroughly. Powdered borax can be put on the skin • to further preserve it. When the skin is nearly dry, • it should be folded with the hairy sides together. • Preservatives and Fixatives • Formalin: Its use will not harm the specimen, is a • better preservative than alcohol. It penetrates more • rapidly and internal organs remain in better • condition. Commercial formalin (40%) should be • diluted with ten volumes of water to a 4% solution. • 2% formalin with seawater is an excellent quick • preservative for small marine specimens. • Alcohol: It is used in zoology, generally 95% ethyl • alcohol (white spirits) which may be diluted with • distilled water to strengths of 70% and 80%. At • least 70% is required for safe storage of material. • Alcohol is a valuable preservative for crustacea, • • • Labelling • The bulk of the information about a specimen • should be entered on the record sheet. Labels • attached to the container should include • the habitat, locality and date, and the collector's • initial.integuments 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