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In this video, learn about the history of infectious disease through the lens of Yersinia pestis, more commonly known as the bacteria responsible for the plague. This video discusses the types of infection, how these infections happen and its significance in order to learn from outbreaks and prevent future pandemics. • • This video was made by McMaster Demystifying Medicine students Esha Contractor, Ali Imran, Alyssa Kostopoulos and Lara Virgilio. • • Copyright McMaster University 2020. • • References: • Bramanti, B., Dean, K. R., Walløe, L., Stenseth, N. C. (2019). The third plague pandemic in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1901), 20182429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2429. • • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, November 27). Symptoms. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/plague/symptoms/i.... • • Ditchburn, J.-L., Hodgkins, R. (2019). Yersinia pestis, a problem of the past and a re-emerging threat. Biosafety and Health, 1(2), 65–70. doi:10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.09.001. • • Drancourt, M., Raoult, D. (2005). Palaeomicrobiology: current issues and perspectives. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3(1), 23–35. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1063. • • Huang, Z. Y., Hunter, S., Chien, P., Kim, M. K., Han-Kim, T. H., Indik, Z. K., et al. (2011). Interaction of two phagocytic host defense systems: fcgamma receptors and complement receptor 3. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286, 160–168. • • Forrester, J. D., Apangu, T., Griffith, K., Acayo, S., Yockey, B., Kaggwa, J., … Mead, P. S. (2017). Patterns of human plague in Uganda, 2008–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(9), 1517–1521. doi:10.3201/eid2309.170789. • • Greenberg, S. (1999). Modular components of phagocytosis. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 66, 712–717. • • Ke, Y., Chen, Z., Yang, R. (2013). Yersinia pestis: mechanisms of entry into and resistance to the host cell. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 3, 106. • • Lotfy, W. (2015). Current perspectives on the spread of plague in Africa. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine, 21. doi:10.2147/rrtm.s63522. • • Lukaszewski, R. A., Kenny, D. J., Taylor, R., Rees, D. G., Hartley, M. G., and Oyston, P. C. (2005). Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis infection in BALB/c mice: effects on host macrophages and neutrophils. Infection and Immunity. 73, 7142–7150. • • Malek, M.A., Bitam, I., Levasseur, A., Terras, J., Gaudart, J., Azza, S., et al. (2017). Yersinia pestis halotolerance illuminates plague reservoirs. Scientific Reports, 7. doi:10.1038/srep40022. • • Medina, R. (2017). Madagascar. Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from https://oec.world/en/profile/country/.... • • Pavlin, B. I., Schloegel, L. M., Daszak, P. (2009). Risk of importing zoonotic diseases through wildlife trade, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(11), 1721–1726. doi:10.3201/eid1511.090467. • • Raoult, D., Mouffok, N., Bitam, I., Piarroux, R., Drancourt, M. (2013). Plague: history and contemporary analysis. Journal of Infection, 66(1), 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.09.010. • • Spickler, A. R. (2013). Plague. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseI.... • • Wagner, D. M., Klunk, J., Harbeck, M., Devault, A., Waglechner, N., Sahl, J. W., … Poinar, H. (2014). Yersinia pestis and the Plague of Justinian 541–543 AD: a genomic analysis. The • Lancet, 14(4), 319–326. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70323-2.

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