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Demystifying Cathode Rays JJ Thomsons Groundbreaking Experiment
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📢 Receive Comprehensive Mathematics Practice Papers Weekly for FREE 😊 • Click this link to get: ▶️▶️▶️ https://iitutor.com/email-list/ ◀️◀️◀️ • In this enlightening exploration of J.J. Thomson's groundbreaking experiment, we delve deep into the world of cathode rays and the remarkable discoveries that reshaped our understanding of the subatomic realm. • Thomson's pioneering experiment incorporated charged plates within the cathode ray tube, confirming earlier hypotheses by Crookes about the behaviour of cathode rays when subjected to electric fields. Witness as we uncover the crucial moments of Thomson's experiment, where cathode rays were propelled towards positively charged plates, unveiling their true nature as negative charges. • But that's not all – Thomson's quest didn't stop there. He ventured further, measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of these mysterious cathode ray particles, which we now know as electrons. Using an ingenious setup with charged parallel plates and magnetic fields, Thomson conducted experiments that would reveal the secrets of these tiny particles. • Join us as we decipher the mechanics behind the deflection of cathode rays by electric and magnetic fields, shedding light on how Thomson meticulously calculated the speed and characteristics of these electrifying particles. His meticulous work eventually determined that these electrons were a fundamental building block of all atoms, forever changing our perception of matter. • This journey through J.J. Thomson's scientific exploits will leave you with a profound appreciation for the discoveries that paved the way for modern physics. Subscribe now to unlock the mysteries of cathode rays and the brilliant mind behind their revelation. • By incorporating charged plates inside the cathode ray tube, Thomson verified an earlier hypothesis by Crookes that cathode rays would be deflected by electric fields. • In Thomson's experiment, the cathode rays passed between parallel plates connected to a battery. He observed that the direction of the rays moved towards the positively charged plate, showing that the rays behaved as negative charges. • Deflection of cathode rays by both electric and magnetic fields: • Following on from his experiment showing that cathode rays were deflected by electric fields, he succeeded in measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of the cathode ray particles, called electrons. • Thomson built a cathode ray tube with charged parallel plates (called capacitor plates) to provide a uniform electric field and a source of the uniform magnetic field. Using this appar¬atus, he investigated the effect of cathode rays passing through both fields. The fields were oriented at right angles to each other, producing forces on the cathode rays that directly opposed each other. • Thomson’s idea to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of the particle in the cathode ray. • The beam was passed into a perpendicular magnetic field, and the radius of curvature was measured. • A negatively charged particle is deflected by a magnetic field out of the page. The mechanics of circular motion describe the path, with the centripetal force provided by the magnetic force acting on the particle. • Because the magnetic field exerts a centripetal force on the beam. • Thomson’s idea is to measure the particle's speed in the cathode ray. • To find how fast the particles travelled, Thomson directed a beam of cathode rays through perpendicular E and B fields. He then adjusted the strength of the electric field until the beam passed through the crossed fields without being deflected. • A beam of negatively charged particles is left t undeflected by the combination of a magnetic field out of the page and an electric field up the page. • Newton’s first law states that the total force is then nil. • Thomson carried out vitally important work to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. He accomplished this using a modified cathode ray tube. The first part contained a thermionic cathode (a thermionic cathode is heated by a separate heating circuit to release more electrons) and an anode with a small hole through the centre to produce a thin stream of electrons travelling into space rather than between a potential difference. The second part was a velocity filter, consisting of charged plates above and below the beam set to deflect the electrons upward and a Helmholtz coil mounted on either side of the tube, producing a magnetic field to deflect the electrons downwards. Finally, at the end of the tube was a fluorescent screen indicating how the electrons were being deflected. Thompson used both the fields simultaneously and balanced them so that the electrons travelled on the original path they took when the fields were off, as gauged by the fluorescence on the screen. This also had the effect of filtering electron velocities such that only electrons with a single particular velocity travelled through the system uninterrupted.
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