Codex Borgia
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The Codex Borgia or Codex Yoalli EhΔcatl is a Mesoamerican ritual and divinatory manuscript. It is generally believed to have been written before the Spanish conquest of Mexico, sometime during what is now today southern or western Puebla. The Codex Borgia is a member of, and gives its name to, the Borgia Group of manuscripts. • The codex is made of animal skins folded into 39 sheets. Each sheet is a square 27 cm by 27 cm (11x11 inches), for a total length of nearly 11 meters (35 feet). All but the end sheets are painted on both sides, providing 76 pages. The codex is read from right to left. Pages 29-46 is oriented perpendicular to the rest of the codex. The top of this section is the right side of page 29, and the scenes are read from top to bottom. So the reader must rotate the manuscript 90 degrees in order to view the codex correctly. The Codex Borgia is organized into a screen-fold. Single sheets of the hide are attached as a long strip and then folded back and forth. Images were painted on both sides and painted over with a white gesso. Stiffened leather are used as end pieces by gluing the first and last strips in order to create a cover. The edges of the pages are overlapped and glued together, making the sheet edges hardly visible under the white gesso finish. The gesso creates a stiff, smooth, white finished surface that preserves the images below. • The Codex Borgia features eigthteen pages of an astronomical narrative that shows the yearlong alteration of the rainy and dry season. • The Codex Borgia is named after the Italian Cardinal Stefano Borgia, who owned it before it was acquired by the Vatican Library. • O Códice Borgia ou Codex Borgianus Mexicanus 1 é um manuscrito mexicano escrito provavelmente antes da conquista espanhola, possivelmente produzido na região de Puebla. Faz parte do Grupo Borgia de manuscritos, ao qual deu o nome. • O Codex Borgia é feito de pele animal e dobrado em 39 folhas, cada uma com 27 x 27 cm, com um total de quase onze metros de comprimento. Todas, salvo a última folha, são pintadas em ambos os lados, ilustrando um conteúdo divinatório e ritual. Foi levado da América para a Europa no início do período colonial e descoberto por Alexander von Humboldt em 1805 entre o espólio do cardeal Stefano Borgia, a partir de quem o códice levou seu nome. Hoje está preservado na Biblioteca Vaticana. • ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ° (Π»Π°Ρ. Codex Borgianus) — ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π΄ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠ±Π»Π°. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅, Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. • ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ°, — Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΡ. • ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· 39 Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ . ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°Ρ 27 ΡΠΌ Π½Π° 27 ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ 11 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½, — Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 76 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎ. • ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ° Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π°. • • This is my Patreon Account if you like to support me / fredericocustodio
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