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University Wits Urdu Hindi
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University Wits in Urdu Hindi • #University_Wits • University Wits • a group of late 16th-century English playwrights and pamphleteers who were educated at the universities (Oxford or Cambridge) and who became popular secular writers. • Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, and George Peele from Oxford. Thomas Kyd is also sometimes included in the group, though he is not believed to have studied at university. • “The seven Stars of the Cosmos.” • The term University Wits was not used in their lifetime, but was coined by George Saintsbury, a 19th-century journalist and author. • Contribution • They brought many changes in mistry and morality plays • Because of them comedies came into existence • They gave a new shape to tragedy. • Their plots were loose but they were first to think about plot because of them. • They developed the art of characterization. Characters become more real. • They were interested in great heroic theme. Heroic theme needs a heroic treatment. So they gave a heroic treatment to drama such as gratefulness, variety,splendid descriptions and long attractive speeches. • Their comedies lacked humour. There was coarse and immature humour later. • They often worked together as Marlowe worked withFletcher. • They wrote the plays and also acted in the plays. • Some of them (Lyly and Peele) made drama poetic. • They chose to write for the public stage, taking over native traditions. • They brought new coherence in structure, and real wit and poetic power to the language. • The decade of the 1590s, just before Shakespeare started his career, saw a radical transformation in popular drama. • They transformed the native interlude a short, simple dramatic entertainment and chronicle play into a potentially great drama by writing plays of quality and diversity. • Thus in the words of Allardyce Nicoll, • ‘‘they laid a sure basis for English Theatre.’’ • Personl Contribution : • John Lyly (1554-1606) • His plays contain attractive lyrics. The first dramatist to write essentially high comedy. His plays are extremely witty in character. It foretold the kind of literature that would be coming from the University Wits for the next decade. His name is also attached to a series of Court plays performed by the children’s companies throughout the ’80s. • Wyatt and Collins said: • ‘‘Lyly’s greatest service to drama consists in his writing plays in prose. Lyly’s sparkling dialogues gave Shakespeare an excellent model to follow.” • His best plays are: • 1. A lexander and campase. • 2. Midas. • 3. Enimion. • 4. Sapho and Phao. • George Peele (1558-1597) • He is noted for his poetic Style and decorative phrases. His contributions are flowery. He made no original contribution to drama. He was a graduate of Christ Church College Oxford. At a point he broke with his earlier career as a Wit, providing official encomia and writing and directing pageants for the City and his alma mater. He’s credited with writing the only play to be identified with the first Blackfriars Theater - The Arraignment of Paris in 1581, while suggestions that he was the author of the various other plays claimed for him are too uncertain to take on faith. • His main plays are: • 1. The Araygnement of Paris. • 2. The Famous Chronicle of king Edward – I. • 3. The old wives’ Tale. • 4. The love of king Dacid and Bathsheba. • Robert Greene (1558- 1592): • He is Powerful for Romantic setting. He made notable contribution in plot Construction and characterization. He gave excellent Portraits of women. He was a poet, pamphleteer, proto-novelist and playwright. Though not the first to appear in print- his first pamphlet, Mamillia, was registered with the Stationers in 1580, the year after John Lyly’s Euphues-but he was the most prolific: 20 works published over the next 12 years. • His main plays are: • 1. The chemical history of alphonsus king of Aragon. • 2. A looking glass for London and England. • 3. Friar Bacon and friar Bungay. • 4. The history of Orlando Furioso. • 5. The Scottish for a romantic setting.. • Thomas Nash (1567- 1601):- • He made notable contribution to comedy. His comedies attack so many current abuses in the state. He and Greene should be credited with launching the English periodical press as a viable industry.
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