AQA A Level Biology DNA Genes and Chromosomes

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Unlock full course: https://studymind.co.uk/online-course... Today you’re going to learn about DNA, Genes Chromosomes from the A-Level Biology AQA Specification and feel confident about exam technique! ✅ Watch all the videos for FREE on https://bit.ly/32OAe7d alongside our textbook and free flashcards. • A-Level Biology especially for AQA can be tough but fortunately we’ve made this tutorial to help you score the A* you need for questions on DNA, Genes Chromosomes. ✅ • 📒The four main aims of this tutorial are to cover: 📒 • 1. DNA Genes • 2. Homologous Chromosomes and Alleles • 3. Anatomy of a Gene • 4. Functions of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • Re-cap (1:57) • • A chromosome consists of lots of DNA molecules • • A DNA molecule has lots of genes • • A gene has lots of base pairs • DNA (2:16) • Some parts of DNA codes for proteins, whilst others don’t: Coding Sequences: regions of the DNA which encode for a particular protein or functional RNAs. Non-coding Sequences: regions of the DNA which do not encode for anything. • Genes (2:52) • A gene is a specific sequence of DNA bases which codes for a particular protein or functional RNA. Each gene has a unique base sequence of DNA. Each gene codes for a unique protein or functional RNA. • The Genetic Code (3:30) • Every three bases on a gene are known as a codon. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid. A single gene is essentially a sequence of codons. Codons are non-overlapping. Codons are degenerate. There is a total of 64 codons in most organisms. These codons are referred to as the genetic code. The genetic code is universal. • DNA is Packaged into Chromosomes (6:14) • DNA wraps around histone proteins. A chain of nucleosomes is called chromatin. Chromatin is wound up to form a single chromosome. • Homologous Chromosomes and Alleles (9:30) • Chromosomes are found in pairs. Chromosome in each pair are homologous. Alleles are versions of genes. Alleles have different base sequences. • Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA (13:07) • The nucleus isn’t the only organelle which contains DNA. The mitochondria (in animal and plant cells) and chloroplasts (in plant cells) also contain DNA which is similar to prokaryotic DNA. It is short, circular and not associated with proteins • Anatomy of a Gene (13:28) • A gene is a particular locus of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA. Every gene has the following structural features: • Start codon, exons, introns stop codon. • There are three major non-coding regulators of gene expression in eukaryotic cells: promoters, enhancers and insulators. • The genome of a cell is the complete set of genes in the cell. The proteome of a cell is the full range of proteins that the cell can produce. • • Functions of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) (15:40) • Ribosomes cannot enter the DNA to reach genes. mRNA carries information to ribosomes. • types of RNA: Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA. • To catch our latest videos, subscribe and leave a comment below on a video you’d like us to record! • 👇 Subscribe to Study Mind with ONE CLICK👇 • 👇Revise with free past papers BY TOPIC for AQA A-Level Biology👇 • https://bit.ly/2mE065v • 👇Get personalised 1-1 Tutoring at £30ph for GUARANTEED improvement👇 • https://bit.ly/2mDXNzn • Tags: #AQABiology #ALevelBiology #StudyMind #DNA #Genes #Chromosomes

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