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Introduction to Protein Synthesis Alevel Biology OCR AQA Edexcel
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Introduction to Protein Synthesis in a Snap! Unlock the full A-level Biology course at http://bit.ly/2uJkLpF created by Adam Tildesley, Biology expert at SnapRevise and graduate of Cambridge University. • SnapRevise is the UK’s leading A-level and GCSE revision exam preparation resource offering comprehensive video courses created by A* Oxbridge tutors. Our courses are designed around the OCR, AQA, SNAB, Edexcel B, WJEC, CIE and IAL exam boards, concisely covering all the important concepts required by each specification. In addition to all the content videos, our courses include hundreds of exam question videos, where we show you how to tackle questions and walk you through step by step how to score full marks. • Sign up today and together, let’s make A-level Biology a walk in the park! • The key points covered of this video include: • • 1. Genes • 2. The Genome and Proteome • 3. Coding for Proteins • • Genes • • DNA contains the genetic information needed for the development and functioning of an organism - it does this by coding for proteins. Every molecule of DNA in an organism contains sections of DNA that are used to code for a specific polypeptide - these are called genes. Some proteins are made up of multiple polypeptides and therefore are coded for by multiple genes. Genes can also code for functional RNA this is RNA that has a functional role in an organism other than coding for proteins. Genes are sections of DNA that code for polypeptides and functional RNA. • • The Genome and Proteome • • In eukaryotes, DNA from the nucleus, mitochondria and sometimes chloroplasts make up a cell’s genome. In prokaryotes, DNA from the nucleoid region and smaller circles of DNA called plasmids make up a cell’s genome. A genome is the full set of DNA found in an organism. The genome contains all the genes of an organism, which code for the proteome. The proteome is the full range of proteins that can be synthesised from the genome. • • Coding for Proteins • • In order for a gene to code for a polypeptide, two processes must be carried out: 1) transcription - a section of the DNA molecule is transcribed into an RNA molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcription is the process of making messenger RNA from a DNA template. 2) translation - the RNA molecule is then translated into a specific amino acid sequence. Translation is the process of making proteins by forming a specific sequence of amino acids based on coded instructions in mRNA. The sequence of amino acids, or primary structure of the protein, is determined by the sequence of bases in the gene. The primary structure of a protein determines the tertiary structure - the overall 3-D shape that a protein folds into. DNA therefore indirectly codes for the shape of proteins, and therefore for their function. • • Summary • • Genes are sections of DNA that code for polypeptides and functional RNA • Proteins that are made up from more than one different polypeptide are coded for by more than one gene • The genome is the full set of DNA found in an organism • The proteome is the full range of proteins that can be synthesised from the genome • The two processes required for protein synthesis are transcription and translation • In transcription, DNA is transcribed to RNA • In translation, RNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids • The sequence of amino acids (the primary structure of the protein) determines the tertiary structure of the protein
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