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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD Causes Signs amp Symptoms Diagnosis amp Treatment
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, distractibility, and sometimes, hyperactivity. • There are three types of ADHD. • Inattentive. Hyperactive-impulsive. And combined. • Out of these three, the combined type is more common. • Since the diagnosis of ADHD is primarily clinical, signs and symptoms themselves become the diagnostic criteria. • So, let’s discuss them together. • Diagnostic criteria based on the symptoms of inattention include the following. • First, individuals with ADHD don’t pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes. • They have difficulty sustaining attention. • They don’t seem to listen when spoken to directly. • They don’t follow instructions and fail to finish tasks such as homework. • They have difficulty in organizing tasks and activities. • They dislike or avoid being part of tasks that require sustained mental efforts. • They lose things that are required for tasks, such as pencils and books. • They are often easily distracted by external stimuli like music. • And finally, they are usually forgetful in daily activities. • Children who have at least 6 out of the above 9 features are considered to have ADHD. • In adolescents and adults, the presence of five features is enough to make a diagnosis. • Diagnostic criteria based on hyperactive-impulsive symptoms include the following. • Individuals with ADHD often fidget, and they tap their hands or feet, or squirm in their seat. • They spontaneously get up in situations where remaining seated is expected. • They run around or climb when inappropriate. • They don’t usually play or have fun quietly. • They cannot stay still for a long time. • They talk excessively. • They give answers to questions before a question has been fully asked. • They have difficulty waiting for their turn. • And they often interrupt others. • Children who have at least 6 out of the above 9 features are considered to have ADHD. • In adolescents and adults, the presence of five features is enough to make a diagnosis. • It is important to note that these symptoms usually appear before 12 years of age, in at least 2 settings, such as school and home. • The exact cause of ADHD is unclear. However, genetics plays a substantial role. • Studies indicate that neurotransmitters such as dopamine and noradrenaline are involved in the pathogenesis. • Frontal, and prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and the cerebellum are the regions of the brain that are mainly affected. • Studies show structural and functional changes in these regions, including deformations in basal ganglia. • ADHD is associated with several other psychiatric illnesses. • For example, many individuals have both ADHD and antisocial personality disorder. • These individuals are at a higher risk of causing harm to themselves and others. • ADHD is also linked to addiction. • Some individuals have both ADHD and autism. • Finally, treatment of ADHD involves a multimodal approach, which includes medical therapy, behavioral psychotherapy, psychosocial interventions, and cognitive therapy. • First-line medical therapy of ADHD is stimulants, which include methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine. • These medications should be started at the lowest effective dose, and adjustments can be made depending on the clinical response. • #adhd #medtoday • adhd,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,adhd symptoms,adhd diagnostic criteria,adhd diagnosis,adhd treatment,attention deficit disorder,adhd causes,adhd pathogenesis,adhd lecture,adhd psychiatry,adhd autism
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