Glycolysis Cellular Respiration Part 2 Sketchy Biology

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I'll break down this crucial metabolic pathway, step by step, and reveal how glucose is transformed into pyruvate, generating ATP and electron carriers. • This video series is a great companion to OpenStax Concepts of Biology Chapter 4. • https://openstax.org/books/concepts-b... • Chapters: • 00:00 Introduction • 01:00 What is Glycolysis? • 01:46 Following the 6 Carbon Atoms • 02:00 Investing ATP: A Necessary Move • 02:19 The Splitting of Glucose • 02:42 Net Gain of ATP and NADH • 03:00 The Electron Carriers • 03:09 Where Do the Electrons Come From? • 03:40 But Wait, There's More! • 04:05 What's Next? The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain! • Transcript: • Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, like the opening act of a show. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the bustling downtown where all the action takes place. It involves a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that break down glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. This process requires an initial investment of two ATP molecules, but ultimately yields a net gain of two ATP. In addition to ATP, glycolysis also generates two NADH molecules, electron carriers that will be crucial in the electron transport chain. • The process begins with glucose, which is a six-carbon sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O6. Each of these six carbon atoms will eventually be oxidized into a molecule of carbon dioxide. In the first step, the cell invests a molecule of ATP, which might seem counterintuitive since the goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP, but it's a necessary investment. • In fact, the cell invests two ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolysis. These two ATP molecules are used to split the six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon compounds. It's important to remember that all six carbons are still present; they are simply divided into two molecules instead of one. • Eventually, glycolysis will yield two molecules of pyruvate. We still have all six carbons because pyruvate has three carbons and we have two of them (3 x 2 = 6). We also see the production of ATP. Remember that we invested two ATP at the beginning, but we get four ATP out, giving us a net gain of two. • In addition to the two pyruvate molecules and the net gain of two ATP, we also have the generation of an electron carrier called NADH. This happens twice, so we get two NADH molecules. These electron carriers are going to be crucial when we get to the electron transport chain. • The electrons in NADH come from glucose. As glucose gets broken down, bonds are broken, and electrons are released. These electrons are then picked up by NAD+, which forms NADH. • Glycolysis is the cellular energy kickstarter. We've seen how glucose gets split, rearranged, and transformed into pyruvate. We've also seen the generation of ATP and those crucial electron carriers, NADH. But this is just the beginning. Glycolysis is merely the first act in the grand production of cellular respiration. • The pyruvate and the NADH we've produced are headed for bigger and better things. The pyruvate molecules will be transported to the mitochondria, where they will be further broken down in the Krebs cycle. The NADH molecules will be used in the electron transport chain. • In this video you will learn about: • The role of glucose in cellular respiration • The steps involved in glycolysis • The production of ATP and NADH • The importance of electron carriers • The connection to the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain • Image Attribution: • Tekks at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., via Wikimedia Commons • Jeorme Walker, CC BY-SA 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b..., via Wikimedia Commons

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