Immune response in the skin

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Keratinocytes are the first defensive cells, expressing a wide range of PRRs (Pathogen Recognition Receptors) like TLR (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5 and TLR-6) and c-type lectins; they also secrete a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Indeed, keratinocytes can recognize PAMPs (Pathogen Molecular Pattern) by PPRs and trigger inflammation secreting interleukins (IL-1), IFNs, cytokines, growth factors , chemokines, defensins. They can also express MHCII and present antigen. • The antigen trapped on the surface is captured and internalized by Langerhans cells (LC), a special subset of epidermal dendritic cells located between keratinocytes of the basal layer and the stratum spinosum. LCs process antigen and present it to the nearby helper T cells. In porcine epidermis, LCs have a typical dendritic cell (DC) morphology and express MHCII molecules and surface molecules such as CD1, CD172 and CD207. • Epidermal LC are also necessary to sustain an effective cytotoxic response and for Th17 differentiation triggered by secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23. In pig, 50-70% of the dendritic cells of the skin are LC. • Porcine epidermis also contains a small number of γδT cells, most of them are skin resident - long term cytotoxic memory T cells. Some of these cells, when activated, can kill infected keratinocytes directly and recruit other cells. • Immunoglobulins can cross the skin by transudation and IgG1, IgG2 and IgA can be also locally synthesized. • https://pig333.com/articles/the-immun...

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