Enzymes revision full chapter in one shot HindiUrdu By Sir Suresh Kumar

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Enzymes can be classified based on the substrate they act upon: • 1. _Carbohydrases_: Act on carbohydrates • Amylases (starch) • Cellulases (cellulose) • Lactases (lactose) • 2. _Proteases_: Act on proteins • Trypsin (proteins) • Pepsin (proteins) • Papain (proteins) • 3. _Lipases_: Act on lipids • Gastric lipase (triglycerides) • Pancreatic lipase (triglycerides) • 4. _Nucleases_: Act on nucleic acids • DNAase (DNA) • RNAase (RNA) • 5. _Phosphatases_: Act on phosphates • Alkaline phosphatase (phosphate groups) • Acid phosphatase (phosphate groups) • 6. _Esterases_: Act on esters • Cholinesterase (acetylcholine) • Carboxylesterase (carboxylic esters) • 7. _Hydratases_: Act on water • Fumarase (fumaric acid) • Aconitase (citric acid) • 8. _Ligases_: Act on bonds • DNA ligase (DNA fragments) • Glutathione synthetase (glutathione) • 9. _Isomerases_: Act on isomers • Triosephosphate isomerase (triosephosphate) • Aldose-ketose isomerase (aldoses and ketoses) • 10. _Oxidoreductases_: Act on oxidation-reduction reactions • Dehydrogenases (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase) • Oxidases (e.g., cytochrome oxidase) • This classification helps understand the specific function and substrate of each enzyme. • Enzymes exhibit the following characteristics: • 1. _Specificity_: Act on specific substrates, ensuring accurate reactions. • 2. _Catalysis_: Speed up reactions without being consumed or altered. • 3. _Optimum pH_: Function best within a specific pH range. • 4. _Optimum temperature_: Function best within a specific temperature range. • 5. _Saturation_: Reach maximum activity when all active sites are occupied. • 6. _Inhibition_: Can be inhibited by substances that bind to active sites or alter enzyme structure. • 7. _Cofactor requirement_: Some enzymes require cofactors (e.g., vitamins, minerals) for activity. • 8. _Reversibility_: Some enzymes can catalyze reversible reactions. • 9. _Stability_: Enzymes can be sensitive to changes in temperature, pH, or substrate concentration. • 10. _Denaturation_: Enzymes can be inactivated by denaturation (unfolding) due to extreme conditions. • 11. _Regulation_: Enzyme activity can be regulated by feedback mechanisms, allosteric control, or covalent modification. • 12. _High efficiency_: Enzymes can accelerate reactions by millions of times. • These characteristics enable enzymes to perform their biological functions efficiently and accurately, making them essential for life. #pmdc #punjabtextbookboard #physicswallah #drhadi #biomolecule #cell #errorless #xi #xibiology #enzymeactivity #enzymefunction #biology #pmdc #physicswallah #sabaqfoundation #sindhtextbookboard

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