Blindstromkompensation

>> YOUR LINK HERE: ___ http://youtube.com/watch?v=b52_yT_KnhI

1. Entstehung des Blindstroms • Für die Erzeugung und Verteilung elektrischer Energie wird, von seltenen Sonderfällen abgesehen, Wechselstrom (auch Drehstrom ist Wechselstrom) angewendet. Eine nachteilige Eigenschaft des Wechselstroms besteht darin, daß Stromverbraucher wie z.B. Motoren, Transformatoren, Schweißapparate und Drosselspulen von Leuchtstofflampen bei Wechselstrom und gleicher Leistung eine größere Stromaufnahme haben als sie bei Betrieb mit Gleichstrom hätten. Sie nehmen außer Wirkstrom auch noch Blindstrom auf, belasten also die Leitungen stärker als bei Gleichstrom. Stromverbraucher, wie normale Glühlampen und die meisten Elektro- Wärmegeräte, haben bei Wechselstrom die gleiche Stromaufnahme wie bei Gleichstrom. • Die Wirkungsweise obiger Verbrauchsmittel, wie z.B. Motoren und Transformatoren, setzt das Vorhandensein eines durch eine Magnetspule erzeugten Magnetfeldes voraus. Wird eine Magnetspule an eine Wechselspannungsquelle angeschlossen, so wird dauernd elektrische Energie in magnetische und umgekehrt verwandelt und die magnetische in Form von elektrischer wieder an das Netz zurückgegeben. Es findet also ein ständiges Hin- und Herfluten von elektrischer Energie zwischen Erzeuger und Verbraucher statt, ohne das eine äußere Arbeit, z.B. mechanische Arbeit bei einem Elektromotor, geleistet wird. Es pendelt somit in den Zuleitungen zu einer Magnetspule ein Strom, der unproduktiv ist und daher als Blindstrom bezeichnet wird. • Wird, wie üblich, vor allem mechanische Arbeit abgegeben, z.B. beim Motor, so muß zusätzlich in den Leitungen ein entsprechender Strom fließen, welcher im Gegensatz zum Blindstrom als Wirkstrom bezeichnet wird. • Die geometrische Summe von Wirk- und Blindstrom ergibt den Gesamtstrom (technisch als Scheinstrom bezeichnet), der dem Elektromotor vom Netz aus zugeführt wird. Das Verhältnis von Wirkstrom zu Gesamtstrom nennt man den Leistungsfaktor. Er wird auch mit cos. phi bezeichnet. • 2. Nachteile des durch Blindstrom erhöhten Strombedarfs: • Da der Gesamtstrom eines Stromverbrauchers, der u.a. auch Blindstrom benötigt, größer als der Wirkstrom ist, müssen die Stromerzeuger und Leitungen, die vom Stromerzeuger zum Verbraucher führen, sowie Transformatoren stärker dimensioniert werden als für Stromverbraucher, die keinen Blindstrom benötigen. Das EVU ist also genötigt, für Stromverbraucher mit Blindstromverbrauch mehr zu investieren, als wenn seine Anlagen nur durch Wirkstrom beansprucht werden. Man kann es auch so ausdrücken, daß das EVU erhöhte Aufwendungen tätigen muß, damit seine Anlagen außer der Wirklast auch die Blindlast übernehmen können. • 3. Beseitigung des Blindstroms und die damit verbundene Kostenersparnis • Der nach dem bisher Gesagten unerwünschte Fluß von Blindstrom auf dem meist langen Weg zwischen Erzeuger und Verbraucher kann vermieden bzw. stark vermindert werden, indem man möglichst nahe am Verbraucher einen Kondensator aufstellt, den man sich als eine Art Energiespeicher für Blindleistungen vorstellen muß. Die in Blindleistung umgesetzte magnetische Energie, z.B. eines Motors, pendelt dann nicht mehr zwischen Motor und der Erzeugeranlage, sondern zwischen Verbraucher und Kondensator und belastet demzufolge auch nicht mehr zusätzliche Übertragungsleitungen, Transformatoren und Stromerzeuger. Man spricht bei der vorgeschilderten Maßnahme auch von der Kompensierung des Blindstroms. Der Blindstromzähler erfaßt nur noch den, durch den Einbau eines Kondensators stark verminderten Restblindstrom und führt zu niedrigeren Blindstromkosten beim Verbraucher. Mit diesen Ersparnissen sind in kurzer Zeit die Aufwendungen für die Beschaffung eines Kondensators 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