Pharmacology of Insulin Glulisine Apidra Mechanism of action pharmacokinetics Dose Uses

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Pharmacology of Insulin Glulisine (Apidra, Apidra SoloSTAR) • • Classification • 1. Rapid-acting insulin analog • 2. Recombinant human insulin • • Chemical Structure • 1. Single-chain polypeptide (294 amino acids) • 2. Glutamic acid substitution at position B3 and lysine substitution at position B29 • • Mechanism of Action • 1. Binds to insulin receptors on cell surfaces • 2. Activates tyrosine kinase signaling pathway • 3. Increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue • 4. Decreases glucose production in liver • 5. Increases lipogenesis and decreases lipolysis • • Pharmacokinetics • 1. Onset of action: 15-30 minutes • 2. Peak effect: 1-2 hours • 3. Duration of action: 2-4 hours • 4. Half-life: 1.5-2.5 hours • 5. Absorption: Subcutaneous injection, rapid absorption • • Indications • 1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus • 2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus • 3. Gestational diabetes • • Dosage and Administration • 1. Initial dose: 0.1-0.2 units/kg (subcutaneous) • 2. Maintenance dose: 0.5-1.5 units/kg/day (subcutaneous) • 3. Administer 5-10 minutes before meals • • Contraindications • 1. Hypersensitivity to insulin glulisine • 2. Diabetic ketoacidosis (use intravenous insulin instead) • • Side Effects • 1. Hypoglycemia • 2. Weight gain • 3. Lipodystrophy • 4. Allergic reactions (rash, pruritus) • 5. Injection site reactions • • Interactions • 1. Beta-blockers (mask hypoglycemia symptoms) • 2. Corticosteroids (increase glucose levels) • 3. Estrogen-containing medications (increase insulin resistance) • 4. Sympathomimetics (increase glucose levels) • • Precautions • 1. Monitor blood glucose levels regularly • 2. Adjust dose and administration time as needed • 3. Use with caution in renal or hepatic impairment • 4. Avoid mixing with other insulins • • #Insulin

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