Plastids structure and functions of chloroplast class 11

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Aslam o alikumI am Hassam ur Rahman and I am teaching Fsc biology since 2014 .I am always trying to improve myself and provide best lecture to students.i am taking content for the lecture from authentic and relevant sources but human errors are possible . you are requested to please highlight the mistakes.My lectures are equally reliable for Fsc and mdcat students • #visiblescience #mdcatbiology #alevelbiology #neetbiology #fscbiology #federalboard #federalboardbiology #chloroplasts #chloroplast #plastids • here are my personal channel, I am sure it will change your life and very beneficial for you • https://youtube.com/@hassamurRahman?f... • My Facebook page link • https://www.facebook.com/hassamUrRahm... • Notess • Plastids • Basis of classification: • . presence or absence and type of pigments, and the stage of development, • Classification of Plastids • Proplastids: • Young, immature, and developing plastids. • Self-replicating organelles. • Three types of plastids. • Leucoplasts: • Colourless • Found in parenchyma cells of root, stem, and seeds. • Chromoplasts: • Synthesize different coloured pigments other than green. • • Chloroplasts: • Found in green parts of plants. • Site of photosynthesis. • Structure of Chloroplast • Discoid Structure • Consists of three parts: envelope, stroma, and thylakoids. • \tEnvelope: • Smooth double membrane. • Outer membrane contains porins, freely permeable to small molecules. • Inner membrane is semipermeable and rich in protein. • Intermembrane space exists between the outer and inner membrane. • \tStroma: • Ground mass of the chloroplast. • Colourless proteinaceous substance. • Contains small circular DNA, RNA, ribosomes (705), and various enzymes. • Contains thylakoids, which are chlorophyll-bearing double membrane, flattened sac-like structures. • \tThylakoids: • Two types: smaller thylakoids and larger thylakoids. • o\tSmaller Thylakoids: • Disc-like sacs piled over one another like a stack of coins. • Each stack is called a granum (plural: grana). • Photosynthetic pigments found in membranes of smaller thylakoids. • o\tLarger Thylakoids: • Connect the grana with each other. • Also called intergrana. • Colourless as they do not have pigments. • Functions of Chloroplast • Site of Photosynthesis:* • Light Dependent Reaction: • Sunlight is captured and transformed into ATP. • Takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. • Light Independent Reaction (Dark Reaction): • CO₂ is reduced to make carbohydrates. • Enzymes for this activity found in the stroma region of the chloroplast. • IMPORTANT SHORT QUSTIONS • What are proplastids? • Where are leucoplasts commonly found in plants? • What is the main function of chloroplasts in plants? • Describe the structure of the chloroplast envelope. • What is the stroma, and what does it contain? • What are grana, and where are they located? • What is the function of larger thylakoids in chloroplasts? • Where does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast? • What role do thylakoids play in the chloroplast? • Which region of the chloroplast contains enzymes for the light-independent reaction (dark reaction) of photosynthesis? • IMPORANT MCQs • What are proplastids? • A) Mature chloroplasts • B) Immature, developing plastids • C) Pigment-containing plastids • D) Storage organelles • Answer: B) Immature, developing plastids • Where are leucoplasts typically found in plants? • A) In the leaves • B) In the parenchyma cells of roots, stems, and seeds • C) In the flowers • D) In the chloroplasts • Answer: B) In the parenchyma cells of roots, stems, and seeds • Which type of plastid is responsible for synthesizing pigments other than green? • A) Chloroplasts • B) Leucoplasts • C) Chromoplasts • D) Proplastids • Answer: C) Chromoplasts • What is the main function of chloroplasts? • A) Storage of nutrients • B) Synthesis of proteins • C) Site of photosynthesis • D) Transport of water • Answer: C) Site of photosynthesis • What are thylakoids? • A) Pigment-free regions of chloroplasts • B) Small, disc-like sacs where photosynthetic pigments are found • C) Storage organelles in plant cells • D) DNA-containing regions of the chloroplast • Answer: B) Small, disc-like sacs where photosynthetic pigments are found • Where does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis occur? • A) In the stroma • B) In the grana • C) In the outer membrane • D) In the intermembrane space • Answer: B) In the grana • Which structure connects the grana within the chloroplast? • A) Stroma • B) Smaller thylakoids • C) Larger thylakoids (intergrana) • D) Chloroplast envelope • Answer: C) Larger thylakoids (intergrana)

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