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Gibbons (/ˈɡɪbənz/) are apes in the family Hylobatidae (/ˌhaɪləˈbætɪdiː/). The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical forests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java). • Gibbons[1][2] • Temporal range: 13.8–0 Ma • PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN • Late Miocene–recent • Gibbon species of different genera; from top-left, clockwise: Pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) • Conservation status • CITES Appendix I (CITES)[4] • Scientific classificationEdit this classification • Domain: • Eukaryota • Kingdom: • Animalia • Phylum: • Chordata • Class: • Mammalia • Order: • Primates • Suborder: • Haplorhini • Infraorder: • Simiiformes • Parvorder: • Catarrhini • Superfamily: • Hominoidea • Family: • Hylobatidae • Gray, 1870 • Type genus • Hylobates • Illiger, 1811 • Genera • Hylobates • Hoolock • Nomascus • Symphalangus • †Bunopithecus • †Junzi • †Yuanmoupithecus[3] • Distribution in Southeast Asia • Duration: 22 seconds.0:22 • Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, 2013 • Also called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, and not making nests.[5] Like all of the apes, gibbons are tailless. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds. Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as fast as 55 km/h (34 mph). They can also make leaps up to 8 m (26 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals.[6] • Depending on the species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark- to light-brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely white gibbon is rare. • Etymology • The English word gibbon is a reborrowing from French and may originally derive from an Orang Asli word.[7] • Evolutionary history • Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys).[8] Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting.[8][9] An analysis based on morphology suggests that the four genera are ordered as (Symphalangus, (Nomascus, (Hoolock, Hylobates))).[10] • Hominoidea (hominoids, apes) • Hylobatidae • (gibbons) • Symphalangus • Nomascus • Hoolock • Hylobates • Hominidae (hominids, great apes) • Ponginae • (orangutans) • Homininae • Gorillini • (gorillas) • Hominini • Panina • (chimpanzees) • Hominina (humans) • A coalescent-based species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as (Hylobates, (Nomascus, (Hoolock, Symphalangus))).[11] • Hominoidea (hominoids, apes) • Hylobatidae • (gibbons) • Hylobates • Nomascus • Hoolock • Symphalangus • Hominidae (hominids, great apes) • Ponginae • (Orangutans) • Homininae • Gorillini • (Gorilla) • Hominini • Panina • (chimpanzees) • Hominina (Humans) • At the species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that Hylobates pileatus diverged from H. lar and H. agilis around 3.9 Mya, and H. lar and H. agilis separated around 3.3 Mya.[9] Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus from H. moloch 1.5–3.0 Mya.[8] The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons.[2

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