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Operant Conditioning and Discriminating Stimuli
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Need help preparing for the Psych/Soc section of the MCAT? MedSchoolCoach expert, Ken Tao, will teach everything you need to know about operant conditioning and discriminating stimuli for associative learning. Watch this video to get all the MCAT study tips you need to do well on the psychology section of the exam! • Discriminating stimuli are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the availability of a reward or a punishment. Remember that operant conditioning is a form of learning by which behaviors become more or less common by the application of a reinforcing or punishing stimulus, respectively. These stimuli can be further divided by positivity and negativity, or whether the stimulus was applied or removed. These collectively give us our four main types of operant conditioners. Reinforcers will include positive reinforcers, or the addition of a desirable stimulus to reinforce a behavior, and negative reinforces, or the removal of an undesirable stimulus in order to reinforce a behavior. Punishers can be likewise divided into positive punishers, which punish (make less likely) a behavior by the addition of an undesirable stimulus, or negative punishers, which punish a behavior by the removal of a desirable stimulus. • Discriminating Stimulus • To understand how to recognize a discriminating stimulus, consider a model study involving a rat. The rat in question has access to a lever, and whenever the rat presses the lever it receives a reward, such as food. This reinforces the behavior indiscriminately, or without respect to when or under what conditions the behavior is performed. Consider instead, however, if the rat was in a dark chamber, under which conditions pressing the lever has no effect. However, the rat is intermittently exposed to a set of two flashing lights, and if the rat presses the lever at that time, it will receive a reward. In this instance, the rat will be conditioned to perform the behavior discriminately, or only in response to the discriminating stimulus, the flashing light. • Generalization and Discrimination • However, consider now a variation of this experiment, where the same previously conditioned rat is now exposed at different times to a set of two flashing lights and a set of three flashing lights. If the lever is pulled in response to the three flashing lights, the rat will receive a mild shock, a punisher, instead of the reinforcement given after pulling the lever in response to the two flashing lights. Initially, the rat will pull the lever in response to both sets of flashing lights, even though one will result in a punishment. This is called generalization, or the inability of the rat to differentiate between similar stimuli. Eventually, the rat will learn to discriminate between the two and three flashing set of lights, and will only pull the lever in response to the two set flashing lights. This is, appropriately, referred to discrimination, which you can think of as the opposite of generalization. • MEDSCHOOLCOACH • To watch more MCAT video tutorials like this and have access to study scheduling, progress tracking, flashcard and question bank, download MCAT Prep by MedSchoolCoach • IOS Link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... • Apple Link: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mcat-pr... • #medschoolcoach #MCATprep #MCATstudytools
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