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GUARANA IN MALAYSIA
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GUARANA IN MALAYSIA • • GUARANA IN MALAYSIA • Introduction • Guaraná, Paullinia cupana, syns. P. crysan, P. sorbilis) is a climbing shrub in the family Sapindaceae, native to the Amazon basin and especially common in Brazil. • Guaraná (pronounced huarana) has large leaves and clusters of flowers, and is best known for the seeds from its fruits, which are about the size of a coffee bean. • Caffeine Content • The growing interest in guarana can be credited to its high caffeine content. • Indeed, guarana has been hailed as the world’s most caffeine-rich plant, with a caffeine content about four times greater than that found in coffee, ten times more than that of tea and a remarkable 30 times more than that of cocoa, making guarana as an important stimulant and energy booster. • As a dietary supplement or herb, guaraná seed is an effective stimulant: it contains about four times the concentration of caffeine found in coffee beans (about 2–8% caffeine in guarana seeds, compared to about 1–3% for coffee beans). • The additive has gained notoriety for being used in energy drinks. As with other plants producing caffeine, the high concentration of caffeine is a defensive toxin that repels insects from the berry and seeds. • Health Benefits • Beyond the potential as an energy booster, research has been driven by its potential health benefits. • A key discovery is the fruit’s antioxidant activity. Research has revealed that, in addition to methylxanthines, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of guarana seed could be attributed to its rich phenolic compounds, thereby suggesting potential therapeutic applications of its tannin content. • Further investigation reinforced the potential anti-inflammatory properties of guarana. • Description • The colour of the fruit ranges from brown to red and it contains black seeds that are partly covered by white arils. • The colour contrast when the fruit is split open has been compared with the appearance of eyeballs, and has become the basis of an origin myth among the Sateré-Mawé people. • Origin Myth • The word guaraná comes from the Guaraní word guara-ná, which has its origins in the Sateré-Maué word for the plant, warana, that in Guaraní means “fruit like the eyes of the people” or “eyes of the gods.” • According to a myth attributed to the Sateré-Maué tribe, guaraná's domestication originated with a deity killing a beloved village child. • To console the villagers, a more benevolent god plucked the left eye from the child and planted it in the forest, resulting in the wild variety of guaraná. • The god then plucked the right eye from the child and planted it in the village, giving rise to domesticated guarana. • Traditional Use • The Guaranis make a herbal infusion by shelling, washing and drying the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. • The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guaraná bread, which is grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar. • Food Safety • In the United States, guaraná fruit powder and seed extract have not been evaluated for the status of “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration, but rather are approved as food additives for flavour (but not non-flavour) uses. • Guaraná is used as an ingredient of herbal infusions, sweetened or carbonated soft drinks and energy drinks, or contained in dietary supplement in capsules. South America obtains much of its caffeine from guaraná. • Beverages • Brazil, is the largest consumer of guarana and the third-largest consumer of soft drinks in the world. It produces several soft drink brands from the seeds of guaraná, as does Paraguay. • A fermented drink is also prepared from guaraná seeds, cassava and water. Paraguay is also a producer of guaraná soft drinks with several brands operating in its market. • The word guaraná is widely used in Brazil, Peru and Paraguay as a reference to soft drinks containing guaraná extract. • Guarana Production • Of the world production of guarana, Brazil has a virtual monopoly with 95% of production, followed by Venezuela, with a low production. • Approximately 2.46 thousand metric tons of guarana were produced in Brazil in 2022, a decrease from the 2.7 thousand tons produced in the previous year. • In the period between 2013 and 2022, production of guarana peaked in 2016, with nearly 3.73 thousand tons produced in Brazil in that year. • • REFERENCES • Guarana has great potential • https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/... • Sabah Conference to explore guarana farming • https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/... • • GUARANA | Paullinia cupana • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarana • https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/... • https://www.statista.com/statistics/1... • • GUARANA | Paullinia cupana • .
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