Genetics of Scottish Neolithic Farmers











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The Neolithic farmers of Scotland, who began to settle the region around 4000 BCE, represent a transformative period in Scottish prehistory, as the shift from hunting and gathering to farming reshaped the landscape and society. These early farmers introduced agriculture to Scotland, cultivating crops like barley and wheat and raising domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. This transition marked the beginning of more permanent settlements, as these communities constructed stone houses, cleared land for fields, and built monumental structures, including the famous stone circles and chambered tombs that dot the Scottish countryside today. • Genetically, the Neolithic farmers of Scotland were largely descended from the first wave of farmers who spread across Europe from the Near East, bringing with them not only new technologies but also new genetic lineages. These early farmers were distinct from the indigenous hunter-gatherers they encountered in Scotland, who were primarily of Western Hunter-Gatherer ancestry. Over time, there was some degree of admixture between these groups, but the farming communities largely retained their distinct genetic identity, characterized by a higher prevalence of haplogroups such as G2a in their Y-chromosomes. The Neolithic farmers' introduction of agriculture, coupled with their sophisticated stonework, left a lasting legacy on the cultural and genetic landscape of Scotland, paving the way for the development of more complex societies in the subsequent Bronze Age. • Buy raw genomes used in this study here: • https://payhip.com/b/dP9ST • Study data can be found here: • https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/... • Trait Predictor executable can be bought here: • https://andreikh.itch.io/trait-predictor • Trait predictor 3.85$ report can be bought here: •

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