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Fermentation
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Need help preparing for the Bio/Bio Chemistry section of the MCAT? MedSchoolCoach expert, Ken Tao, will teach everything you need to know about Fermentation of Cellular Respiration for the biochemistry section of the MCAT. Watch this video to get all the mcat study tips you need to do well on this section of the exam! • Fermentation is the anaerobic degradation of glucose to produce ATP. In contrast, in aerobic respiration, oxygen is used to break down glucose to form ATP. In particular, the role of oxygen in aerobic conditions is to serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. In this way, oxygen helps to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, and without NAD+, cells cannot perform glycolysis. However, in anaerobic conditions, a molecule other than oxygen must serve as the final electron acceptor. Interestingly, fermentation is considered the oldest metabolic pathway, as it is suitable for environments that did not have oxygen yet. • Lactic Acid Fermentation • There are two different types of fermentation – lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is performed by muscle cells during periods of vigorous physical activity. During these activities, oxygen is used up so quickly that cells are under hypoxic conditions. In low or absent oxygen conditions, cells have to undergo fermentation in order to produce energy to maintain the activity. Furthermore, in fermentation, pyruvate serves as the final electron acceptor. • Moreover, this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The NAD+ regenerated from this reaction can be used for glycolysis to produce ATP. The lactate produced is released into the blood or will be converted back to glucose by the liver. • Ethanol Fermentation • Ethanol fermentation is performed by yeast cells. First, pyruvate is broken down to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Second, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+. In this way, NAD+ is regenerated in order to produce ATP through glycolysis. Ethanol fermentation can be used in a variety of instances, such as producing alcoholic drinks, like wine or beer, production of ethanol fuel, or even for baking bread. • MEDSCHOOLCOACH • To watch more MCAT video tutorials like this and have access to study scheduling, progress tracking, flashcard and question bank, download MCAT Prep by MedSchoolCoach • IOS Link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... • Apple Link: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mcat-pr... • #medschoolcoach #MCATprep #MCATstudytools
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