Faces of Ancient Middle East Part 15 HurroUrartian peoples

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The Hurrians (cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri ) were a people of the Ancient Near East who lived in Northern Mesopotamia and adjacent regions during the Bronze Age.The largest and most influential Hurrian nation was the kingdom of Mitanni. The population of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia to a large part consisted of Hurrians, and there is significant Hurrian influence in Hittite mythology. By the Early Iron Age, the Hurrians had been assimilated with other peoples, except perhaps in the kingdom of Urartu. According to I.M. Diakonoff and S. Starostin, the Hurrian, Hattic, and Urartaean languages are related to the Northeast Caucasian languages. • The ethnicity of the people of Mitanni is difficult to ascertain. A treatise on the training of chariot horses contains a number of Indo-Aryan glosses.Kammenhuber (1968) suggested that this vocabulary was derived from the still undivided Indo-Iranian language,but Mayrhofer (1974) has shown that specifically Indo-Aryan features are present. • The names of the Mitanni aristocracy frequently are of Indo-Aryan origin, but it is specifically their deities which show Indo-Aryan roots (Mitra, Varuna, Indra, Nasatya), though some think that they are probably more immediately related to the Kassites.The common people's language, the Hurrian language is neither Indo-European nor Semitic.Hurrian, and thus the Hurrians, are therefore believed to be relatives of Urartu, both belonging to the Hurro-Urartian language family. It had been held that nothing more can be deduced from current evidence.A Hurrian passage in the Amarna letters -- usually composed in Akkadian, the lingua franca of the day -- indicates that the royal family of Mitanni was by then speaking Hurrian as well. • Bearers of names in the Hurrian language are attested in wide areas of Syria and the northern Levant that are clearly outside the area of the political entity known to Assyria as Hanilgalbat. There is no indication that these persons owed allegiance to the political entity of Mitanni; although the German term Auslandshurriter ( Hurrian expatriates ) has been used by some authors. In the 14th century BC numerous city-states in northern Syria and Canaan were ruled by persons with Hurrian and some Indo-Aryan names. If this can be taken to mean that the population of these states was Hurrian as well, then it is possible that these entities were a part of a larger polity with a shared Hurrian identity. This is often assumed, but without a critical examination of the sources. Differences in dialect and regionally different pantheons (Hepat/Shawushka, Sharruma/Tilla etc.) point to the existence of several groups of Hurrian 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