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Physiology of prolactin Animation Endocrine Physiology USMLE Step 1
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📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- / drgbhanuprakash • 📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr • 📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash • Physiology of Prolactin • -------------------------------------- • Prolactin is a hormone primarily synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes, particularly those related to lactation and reproductive function. Here are the key aspects of the physiology of prolactin: • Role in Lactation: • ---------------------------- • Prolactin promotes mammary gland development and stimulates milk production (lactogenesis) in response to the hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy. After childbirth, suckling and nipple stimulation stimulate the release of prolactin, initiating and maintaining lactation. Prolactin acts on mammary epithelial cells to stimulate milk synthesis and secretion. • Regulation of Prolactin Secretion: • ----------------------------------------------------- • The secretion of prolactin is primarily under the inhibitory control of the hypothalamic hormone dopamine (also known as prolactin-inhibiting hormone or PIH). Dopamine is secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus and reaches the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system. Dopamine binds to dopamine receptors on lactotroph cells, inhibiting the synthesis and secretion of prolactin. • Other factors involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion include: • ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH): Produced by the hypothalamus, PRH stimulates the synthesis and release of prolactin. • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): TRH can have a mild stimulatory effect on prolactin secretion. • Estrogen: During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen stimulate prolactin production, preparing the mammary glands for lactation. • Oxytocin: Released during breastfeeding, oxytocin acts synergistically with prolactin to enhance milk ejection (letdown reflex). • Feedback Regulation: • Prolactin secretion is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. When prolactin levels rise due to suckling or other stimuli, the negative feedback inhibits the release of dopamine, allowing prolactin secretion to continue. Once milk production is well established, the feedback from milk removal decreases prolactin secretion, helping to maintain a balance between milk synthesis and demand. • Non-lactation Functions: • -------------------------------------- • Prolactin also has non-lactation functions in both males and females: • Reproductive Function: Prolactin participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and influences fertility. High levels of prolactin can inhibit ovulation and disrupt normal menstrual function. • Immunomodulation: Prolactin has immunomodulatory effects, contributing to immune system regulation and inflammation modulation. • Metabolism: Prolactin influences energy balance, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism. • Abnormalities in prolactin secretion can lead to various clinical conditions, including hyperprolactinemia (elevated prolactin levels), which may cause irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, galactorrhea (abnormal milk production), and decreased libido. Understanding the physiology of prolactin is essential in diagnosing and managing these disorders and ensuring the proper functioning of lactation and reproductive processes. • #prolactinphysiology #prolactin #physiologyofprolactin #hormones #endocinephysiology #endocrinesystem #physiology #neetpg #usmle #mbbs #usmlestep1 #prolactinhormone #endocrinesystem #uworld #physiologyusmle #mbbsphysiology #usmlevideos #mbbsvideos #physiologyvideos #prolactinhormone #medicalvideos #medicalstudents #medicalcollege #nationalexittest #mbbslectures #nationalexitexam
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