Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Lipoproteins

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Lipoproteins are complex molecules that transport lipids in the bloodstream. • • Classification: • • 1. High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) • 2. Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) • 3. Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) • 4. Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDL) • 5. Chylomicrons • • Structure: • • 1. Lipid core (triglycerides, cholesterol esters) • 2. Protein coat (apolipoproteins) • 3. Phospholipid monolayer • • Functions: • • 1. Lipid transport • 2. Cholesterol homeostasis • 3. Lipid metabolism regulation • 4. Cell signaling • • Apolipoproteins: • • 1. ApoA-I (HDL): lipid efflux, LCAT activation • 2. ApoB-100 (LDL): receptor binding, lipid uptake • 3. ApoB-48 (chylomicrons): lipid absorption • 4. ApoC-II (VLDL): lipoprotein lipase activation • 5. ApoE (IDL): receptor binding, lipid clearance • • Metabolism: • • 1. Lipid synthesis (liver, intestine) • 2. Lipid absorption (intestinal cells) • 3. Lipoprotein formation (endoplasmic reticulum) • 4. Lipoprotein remodeling (plasma) • • Regulation: • • 1. Hormonal (insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormone) • 2. Dietary (fat, cholesterol, fiber) • 3. Genetic (apolipoprotein variants) • • Clinical Significance: • • 1. Atherosclerosis • 2. Hyperlipidemia • 3. Cardiovascular disease • 4. Lipid disorders • • Laboratory Tests: • • 1. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides) • 2. Apolipoprotein measurements (ApoA-I, ApoB-100) • 3. Lipoprotein electrophoresis • • #Lipoprotein

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