Youtor
1 Lead Electroplating onto Copper
>> YOUR LINK HERE: ___ http://youtube.com/watch?v=rJocKumgFlk
It is generally recognized that the life of motive power lead-acid batteries can be shortened by a variety of factors relating to service conditions, yet the best made and the most conscientiously used batteries still only have a relatively modest life expectancy. • Why is this so and what can be done about it? • Every time a lead-acid battery is charged, a tiny amount of lead metal finds its way from the positive grids to the negative electrodes. Given enough time, (3-8 years), this results in the battery losing ampere-hour capacity and in its eventual failure. • The underlying mechanism behind this metal migration is electroplating. • Batteryvitamin has a very specific functionality and is thereby able to cut down on electroplating and to extend battery life. • Realising that it is not easy for the visitor to our web site to distinguish the data we have presented as fake or genuine on the basis of a first impression, we have chosen to round off our disclosure with movies that were shot of some of our experiments. The particular experiments shown are of a type that can easily be duplicated by technically minded persons using a minimum of materials, providing what amounts to a shorthand verification of the potential of Batteryvitamin. • Testing full sized batteries for the electroplating effect can be a needlessly expensive and tedious procedure. Fortunately, it is possible to speed up and to scale down the process experimentally and to provide a result within 24 hours using easily obtainable materials and inexpensive test gear. • An example of one such experiment has been photographed at one picture frame every 2 minutes and converted into a short movie • The test cell consists of a glass beaker filled with ordinary battery acid. The positive electrodes are sections carefully dissected from a regular motive power positive battery plate and are charged ahead of the experiment. The negative electrode consists of a short length of copper wire. Copper typically reacts minimally with lead-acid functioning after receiving a few hours of lead plating. • The copper negative electrode wire is located at the center of the beaker, flanked by two lead-acid type positive electrodes. Hydrogen gas evolves as result of electrolysis. The copper tint of the negative electrode can be seen darkening progressively. • The end-of-plating potential, shown at 2.62 volts, corresponds to a typical end-of-charge potential for a conventional lead-acid motive power battery cell. Upon switching off the current, the test cell potential initially falls rapidly before steadying to a more gradual decline from around 2.25 - 2.24 volts, suggesting yet another aspect the test cell has in common with a conventional lead-acid cell. • Anticipating a comparatively small A-H capacity, a 10 K-ohm resistor is connected across the test cell. Ten minutes into the discharge the cell potential has fallen to 2.03 volts. The electrode grows lighter, implying a conversion from lead to lead sulfate. • Every measurement and observation appears to confirm a conventional lead-acid pattern, hence it can be accepted that the on-plated material at the negative electrode is, indeed, lead metal. • TEST EQUIPMENT: • Regulated power supply, 0 -- 20 V, constant voltage controlled; 0 -- 1 A, constant current controlled; • Power supply setting: 60 milliamps, constant current; • Digital multimeter, 2½ digits, used to measure cell voltage; • Moving coil multimeter, used to measure charge and discharge current; • 10 K-ohm, ½ watt resistor, to provide discharge load. • ©2011 Batteryvitamin. All rights reserved. • http://www.batteryvitamin.net/
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