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Fatty AcidOxidation Beta oxidation of fatty acids Biochemistry Animations
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📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- / drgbhanuprakash • 📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr • 📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- https://linktr.ee/DrGBhanuprakash • Fatty Acid-Oxidation ( Beta oxidation of fatty acids ) Biochemistry Animation - Usmle step 1 • In the cytosol, long chain free fatty acids are converted to fatty acyl-CoA by fatty acyl CoA synthetase. This step activates the fatty acid for transport into the mitochondria. • Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to CoA, the carnitine shuttle system is required to transport the fatty acyl CoA into the mitochondrial matrix. • Step 1: • Enzyme: CAT-I ie carnitine acyl transferase I on the outer mitochondrial membrane • Reaction: Fatty acyl-CoA + carnitine → fatty acyl carnitine + free CoA • CoA remains in the cytosol, and fatty acyl carnitine can now pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane. • Step 2: • Enzyme: CAT-II on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane • Reaction: Fatty acyl carnitine + CoA which is already in the mitochondrial matrix → fatty acyl CoA + free carnitine • Fatty acyl CoA stays in the mitochondrial matrix for further metabolism, and carnitine leaves the matrix to be used again in the shuttle. • Carnitine deficiency → decreased ability to utilize long chain fatty acids as a fuel source. Can be due to environmental (e.g. malnutrition) or genetic factors (e.g. CAT-I deficiency). • • Symptoms: Muscle aches and fatigue following exercise, ↑ free fatty acid levels in the blood, hypoketotic hypoglycemia. • Treatment: Diet high in carbohydrates and medium and short chain fatty acids, low in long chain fatty acids. • Malonyl-CoA, an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, inhibits this shuttle system to prevent newly synthesized fatty acids from entering the degradation pathway, and thus prevent a futile synthesis-degradation cycle • Medium and short chain fatty acids directly enter the mitochondrial matrix without need for a special transport. • In the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activates short/medium chain fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA molecules. • MCADD (medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency): • ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • MCAD is a enzyme required for complete oxidation of medium length fatty acids. Deficiency → inability to oxidize fatty acids with less thn 12 carbons. • Presents with symptoms of hypoglycemia. • Treatment: Avoid prolonged fasting, ↑ carbohydrate and protein intake, ↓ fat intake. • Inside the mitochondria, fatty acyl-CoA with an even number of carbons undergo successive rounds of β oxidation, yielding acetyl-CoA, and NADH FADH2. • Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle. • NADH and FADH~2~ are used in the electron transport chain. • Oxidation of fatty acids containing an odd number of carbons → Acetyl-CoA and Propionyl-CoA • Because Propionyl-CoA → Succinyl-CoA, it is the only part of fatty acids that is gluconeogenic. • Ketogenesis occurs when there is a high rate of fatty acid oxidation forming Acetyl-CoA • When the liver is overloaded with Acetyl-CoA → ketone bodies form • The 2 main ketone bodies are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate • Acetoacetate undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to form acetone • Ketones are generally used in 2 ways: • 1) Extrahepatic tissues can convert ketone bodies → Acetyl-CoA • 2) Because ketone bodies are volatile, they are readily exhaled by the lungs (Note: This is why diabetics in DKA have “fruity” smelling breath) • #fattyacidoxidation #betaoxidationoffattyacid #oxidationoffattyacid #fattyacidmetabolism #medicalbiochemistry #lipidmetabolism #biochemistryoflipids #lipids #biochemistry #biochemistryvideos #biochemistrynotes
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