Introduction Of Homeostasis Class 12 Biology

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CONCEPTS IN HOMEOSTASIS • About This Video! • • Each organism of a species has assumed, in evolutionary history, a speciic set up of internal • environment at various levels of organization suitable to its surroundings i.e., external environment. • External environment and its components luctuate continuously, however, the organism resists • and manages these changes by making adjustments to keep its own internal luctuations within a • narrow range thus protecting internal environment from the harms of the external luctuations. • The protection of internal environment from the harms of luctuations in external environment is • termed as homeostasis. The homeostasis keeps the internal luctuations in a narrow range with • various control systems compared to wider external luctuations. • Most susceptible components of internal environment that may be afected by luctuations in • external environments are water, solutes and temperature. Also the mechanism an organism • has adapted to eliminate harmful nitrogenous wastes depends upon the availability of water. The • mechanism of regulation, generally between organism and its environment, of solute and the • gain and loss of water is osmoregulation. The mechanism which eliminates nitrogenous waste is • referred as excretion, whereas maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range is • designated as thermoregulation. • Likewise the control systems among intracellular and extracellular internal environment of an • organism also at cell level keep luctuating in narrow range in intracellular, within cell membrane, • compared to in extracellular (vascular and other interstitial luids) environment. Here, in addition • to solute and water various essential metabolites, hormones etc. are kept in a required range. • Homeostasis does not mean to keep a ixed internal environment as changes maintained within • a speciic range are necessary for normal body functions. For example, water availability may • luctuate tremendously for the organisms in the external environment from abundant supply • to almost dry conditions, however, the quantity of water in the body i.e. internal environment • may vary in response to abundant supply and dry condition, but in a narrow range. The control • systems would not let the body looded with water in abundant supply and also not to dehydrate • in dry conditions. Furthermore, adaptation to lower level of range in dry conditions and to higher • level of range in abundant supply of water is good for the organism to feel normal within internal • luctuations forced by drastic external luctuationsThe control systems have been acquired for the variety of homeostatic regulations. These living • control systems work exactly on the mechanism of physical control system. It has three components: • receptor, control centre and an efector. In a physical control system e.g. temperature control • system, there is a sensor (thermometer) that monitors temperature change from a set point and • signals to control centre to take action by switching on heater or cooling units in response to drop • or rise in the temperature compared to set point. Similar to it in living system there is set point in • temperature regulated (endothermic) animals. The receptors (sensor) detect temperature change, • e.g. of increase and signal to control centre for action of cooling systems and the vice versa. Detection • of change and signalling for efector’s response to control system is a feedback mechanism. In • these processes there is an inverse efector’s response to the change in external environment as • there is generally cooling efector’s response to warmth sensing in external environment, thus are • termed as negative 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