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Hodgkins lymphoma Hodgkins disease Symptoms and treatment How to detect lymphoma
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Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most frequent lymphomas in the world. Even it is frequent lymphoma, generally this malignancy still rare. It affects 2-3 person per 100 thousand. • About 40 % of this malignancy is associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection commonly in teenage. • Hodgkin Lymphoma is classified two important categories. First is classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. 95 % of cases are classical form. • Most common sign of Hodgkin lymphoma is enlarged lymph nodes around neck. Or axillary region. • 60-70 % of cases enlarged lymph nodes are noted around cervical area. This lymph nodes aren’t painful. • 30% of cases are axillary lymph nodes. And around 50 % of cases mediastinal lymph nodes also involved. • Only 10-15 % of patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma have extranodal disease, and the commonly affected organs are bone, bone marrow, lung, and liver. • Other symptoms include: • Fevers, drenching night sweats and unintentional weight loss. • These symptoms aren’t specific for Hodgkin lymphoma and presence this symptoms doesn’t mean Hodgkin lymphoma itself. • This 3 symptoms collectively is called B symptoms. • Fever is considered temperature more than 38 c degree. • Weight loss of 10% or more of baseline weight in the previous 6 months. • Weight loss and fever are more important symptoms then night sweats isolated. • So, Night sweats alone do not confer an adverse prognosis. • Other symptoms include: • Pruritus, especially after bathing or after ingesting alcohol. • Fatigue. • Risk Factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include: • Being in early adulthood (aged 20–39 years) (most often) or late adulthood (aged 65 years and older) (less often). • Being male. • Having a previous infection with the Epstein-Barr virus in the teenage years or early childhood. • Having a first-degree relative with Hodgkin Lymphoma. • Diagnosis: • Hodgkin lymphoma cannot be diagnosed with a blood test. • Although the complete blood test count can have some role, the measures the levels of different cells in the blood. • For example, if the lymphoma invades the bone marrow (where new blood cells are made) a person might have anemia (not enough red blood cells). A high white blood cell count is another possible sign of Hodgkin Lymphoma, although it can also be caused by infection. • A Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed–Sternberg cell • The diagnosis of HL involves a multistage process. The removal and histopathological analysis of a lymph node or punch biopsy of another affected organ is the method of choice for diagnosis. Thus, pathological expert review is recommended. A fine needle biopsy alone is only sufficient if sufficient material for histopathological diagnosis can be obtained. • Other risk factors are genetic predisposition (high incidence among patient's relatives), immunodeficiency states, and environmental factors (high incidence in farmers, woodworkers, and meat processors). • Hodgkin lymphoma has an excellent overall prognosis with approximately an 80% cure rate. • The history of HL treatment represents a remarkable success story in which HL has turned from an incurable disease to a neoplasm with an excellent prognosis. First-line treatment with stage-adapted treatment consisting of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy results in cure rates of approximately 80%. Second-line treatment mostly consists of intensive salvage chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). • Standard treatment in the United States (US) consists of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine). In Germany, the BEACOPP regimen (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) is more popular. A third regimen that is used is Stanford V (doxorubicin, vinblastine, mechlorethamine, vincristine, bleomycin, etoposide, and prednisone). • By Blausen Medical Communications, Inc. - see ticket for details, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... • By Cancer Research UK - Original email from CRUK, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... • By Emmanuelm - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index... • By JHeuser - JHeuser, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
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