IAL Biology Unit 1 Biological Membranes

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This is a short section from the topic of biological membranes from unit 1 IAL Biology. • Check the full course for IAL Biology here 👇 • https://www.chem-bio.info/as-biology-... • You can also join us live every week on Zoom 📺 • https://www.chem-bio.info/live-ial-cl... • Check my ebook for IAL biology here 📚 • https://www.chem-bio.info/ebooks-library • You can also get the physical book from Amazon 📕 • https://www.amazon.co.uk/IAL-AS-Biolo... • #ialbiology #edexcel #notes #pdf #pastpapers #unit1 • 🌿 Biological Membranes and Phospholipids • 1. *🧪 Phospholipids:* • *Composition:* Made up of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. • *Properties:* • *💧 Hydrophilic Head:* Attracted to water (phosphate group). • *🚫 Hydrophobic Tails:* Repel water (fatty acids). • 2. *Behavior in Water:* • Phospholipids arrange themselves so that the hydrophilic heads face the water, and the hydrophobic tails face away from the water. • This leads to the formation of a *🧱 phospholipid bilayer* in aqueous environments, such as inside living organisms. • 🧬 Structure of the Phospholipid Bilayer • 1. *Orientation:* • *Heads:* Point towards the water (both inside and outside the cell). • *Tails:* Point towards each other, minimizing exposure to water. • 🔬 Additional Components of Biological Membranes • 1. *🔗 Channel Proteins:* • Provide hydrophilic passages for the movement of water and ions. • Essential for processes like facilitated diffusion. • 2. *🚚 Carrier Proteins:* • Involved in active transport and facilitated diffusion. • Help move substances across the membrane. • 3. *🧩 Cholesterol:* • Embedded within the fatty acid tails. • Helps stabilize the membrane by bringing the tails closer together. • 4. *🧬 Glycoproteins:* • Found on the outer surface of the membrane. • Play a role in cell recognition and signaling. • 📜 Summary • Biological membranes are complex structures primarily composed of phospholipids, which form a bilayer due to their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. This bilayer is supplemented with proteins (channel and carrier), cholesterol, and glycoproteins, each contributing to the membrane's functionality, stability, and interactions with the environment.

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