La glycolyse SVT 2 BAC SVT option français BIOF ملخص بالداريجة

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la glycolyse • svt 2 bac svt BIOF • la glycolyse svt 2 bac svt option français • LA GLYCOLYSE • SVT 2 bac svt option français • Résumé de la glycolyse • La glycolyse est une voie métabolique d'assimilation du glucose et de production d'énergie. Elle se déroule dans le hyaloplasme (ou cytosol) de la cellule. Comme son nom l'indique elle nécessite du glucose et permet de produire du pyruvate. Ce dernier peut soit entrer dans le cycle de Krebs, qui se déroule dans la mitochondrie des eucaryotes ou le cytoplasme des bactéries en aérobiose, soit être métabolisé par fermentation en anaérobiose, pour produire par exemple du lactate ou de l'éthanol. • Étapes de la glycolyse : • la glycolyse peut se décomposer en trois phases: • Phase 1 : le glucose, une espèce à 6 atomes de carbone C, est d'abord phosphorylé en position C6 et C1 (réactions 1, 2 et 3) ; • Phase 2 : il est ensuite clivé en deux molécules à trois carbones sous forme de glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate. • Phase 3 : l'énergie investie dans les phosphorylations est enfin récupérée sous forme d'ATP. • La glycolyse est une voie catabolique de transformation du glucose en énergie. • Rôle de la glycolyse • La glycolyse est un processus libérateur d'énergie ayant lieu dans le cytoplasme de toutes les cellules, au cours duquel le glucose est dégradé pour fournir de l'énergie. Les premières étapes nécessitent un investissement de deux molécules d'ATP, mais les étapes suivantes permettront d'en produire quatre. • Étapes de la glycolyse : • Le glucose subit de nombreuses modifications grâce à des enzymes spécifiques. Ainsi, au fil des nombreuses étapes, le glucose est tour à tour transformé en : • D-Glucose-6-phosphate ; • β-D-Fructose-6-phosphate ; • β-D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate ; • Dihydroxyacétone phosphate ; • D-glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate ; • D-glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate ; • 1,3-diphospho-D-glycérate ; • 3-phospho-D-glycérate ; • 2-phospho-D-glycérate ; • Phosphoénolpyruvate ; • Pyruvate ; • Acétyl-CoA . • Bilan de la glycolyse • Les nombreuses étapes de la glycolyse mènent à un bilan énergétique positif, en totalisant la production de deux molécules d'ATP par molécule de glucose consommée. Au final, on compte l'utilisation de : • 1 mole de glucose ; • 2 moles de coenzymes oxydés ; • 2 moles d'ADP ; • 2 moles de Pi (phosphate inorganique). • Et la formation de : • 2 moles de pyruvate ; • 2 moles de coenzymes réduits ; • 2 moles d'ATP ; • 2 moles d'eau. • LA GLYCOLYSE • La glycolyse est aussi appelée voir d’Emben meyerhoff. Elle dégrade le glucose en pyruvate , elle est à • localisation cytosolique (cytoplasmique). • La voie de la glycolyse correspond à une série de réactions catalysées par des enzymes qui dégradent une molécule de glucose (6 carbones) en deux molécules de pyruvate (3 carbones). Chez les eucaryotes, cette transformation a lieu dans le cytosol de la cellule. • Expérience : • Après avoir isolé des mitochondries à partir de cellules animales ; on les • dépose dans un milieu riche en O2,auquel on a ajouté du glucose au • moment t1 et de l’acide pyruvique a l’instant t2, avec un équipement • adéquat on mesure le taux de O2 dissout en fonction du temps. La fig • 1ci-contre donne les résultats des mesures effectuées. • Pour pouvoir suivre les étapes de la décomposition de la molécule du glucose dans la cellule ; on a cultivé des levures dans un milieu riche en O2 et contenant du glucose radioactif(=G) .Par la suite on a prélevé des levures de ce même milieu aux instant T0 , T1 , T2 , T3 et T4 pour analyser leurs contenus ,avec les techniques appropriées on a mis en évidence la présence de nouvelles matières radioactives tel l’acide pyruvique(=P), les acides du cycle de Krebs1 (=K )et du CO2 . • la dégradation du glucose dans les cellules se fait en deux étapes : • 1ère étape : transformation du glucose en acide pyruvique dans le cytosol. c’est la glycolyse • 2ème étape : pénétration du de l’acide pyruvique dans les mitochondries ou il est transformé en acides du cycle de Krebs et en CO2 qui est expulser hors de la cellule, c’est l’oxydation respiratoire. • glycolyse : étape commune entre respiration et fermentation • La glycolyse se déroule dans l’hyaloplasme. • Transformation du glucose en fructose bis-phosphate (C6P) après la fixation d’un groupement phosphate provenant d’une molécule d’ATP. • Scission du fructose bis-phosphate en 2 molécules de Glycéraldéhyde phosphate (C3P), ces 2 dernières seront oxydées par la coenzyme NAD+ • (accepteur d’électron) qui sera réduite suivant la réaction suivante : • NAD+ + 2e + 2H+----→ NADH,H • Phosphorylation des 2 molécules C3P pour donner 2 molécules de biphosphoglycerate( C3P2). • Phosphorylation des molécules d’ADP en ATP et transformation du biphosphoglycerate en 2 molécules d’acide pyruvique. • L’équation globale de la glycolyse : • C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ → 2CH3-CO-COOH + 2ATP + 2NADH,H+ • Pour une molécule de glucose consommée, il y a formation de : • deux molécules de pyruvate ; • deux molécules d’ATP • 2 molécules de coenzymes réduits NADH, H+. • la glycolyse est un phénomène 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