AQA A Level Biology DNA and Protein Synthesis

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Unlock full course: https://studymind.co.uk/online-course... Today you’re going to learn about DNA Protein Synthesis from the A-Level Biology AQA Specification and feel confident about exam technique! ✅ Watch all the videos for FREE on https://bit.ly/32OAe7d alongside our textbook and free flashcards. • A-Level Biology especially for AQA can be tough but fortunately we’ve made this tutorial to help you score the A* you need for questions on DNA Protein Synthesis. ✅ • 📒The two main aims of this tutorial are to cover: 📒 • 1. Transcription Translation • 2. Base Sequences and Amino Acids • Introduction (1:48) • Protein synthesis is the process by which the base sequence found in genes on DNA is used to make polypeptides. • Transcription of mRNA (5:00) • Transcription factor binds to promoter region. DNA helicase unwinds the gene region. Enzyme RNA polymerase binds. RNA polymerase transcribes the mRNA. RNA polymerase reaches the stop codon. The resulting strand of RNA is known as pre-mRNA. • Post-Transcription Splicing (8:07) • In prokaryotes, transcription directly leads to an mRNA. However, in eukaryotes, transcription makes pre-mRNA, which then has to be spliced to make mRNA. The pre-mRNA needs to be modified before leaving the nucleus. The cytoplasm contains several dangers to the mRNA. To prevent destruction of mRNA, two major modifications are made: 5’ cap Poly-A Tail. • RNA Splicing (10:00) • The pre-mRNA contains both exons and introns. Splicing forms a spliceosome. Finally an mRNA is made. Splicing does not take place in prokaryotes. • Translation of mRNA (11:14) • During translation, mRNA docks at the ribosomes. The ribosomes read the codons on the mRNA and brings tRNAs with the complementary codon. Steps of Translation: mRNA binds to the ribosome. The ribosome reads the first codons. A tRNA will bring the complementary amino acid for the first codon. Another tRNA brings the second amino acid. The first tRNA leaves. A peptide bond forms. The process continues until a stop codon is reached. After translation, the polypeptide chains are folded. Polypeptides can also undergo post-translational modifications. Proteins destined to leave the cell go to the Rough ER. Proteins destined to stay in the cell go to the cytoplasm. • Base Sequences and Amino Acids (16:32) • In DNA: A binds to T, C binds to G • In RNA: A binds to U, C binds to G • Remember that codons are degenerate. DNA has ATCG and RNA has AUCG. tRNA are anticodons. Codons contains 3 bases. • To catch our latest videos, subscribe and leave a comment below on a video you’d like us to record! • 👇 Subscribe to Study Mind with ONE CLICK👇 • 👇Revise with free past papers BY TOPIC for AQA A-Level Biology👇 • https://bit.ly/2mE065v • 👇Get personalised 1-1 Tutoring at £30ph for GUARANTEED improvement👇 • https://bit.ly/2mDXNzn • Tags: #AQABiology #ALevelBiology #StudyMind #Transcription #Translation

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