Types Of Immunity Types Components Types of immune cells Pathology Hindi Lectures

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𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝗙𝐨𝐫 𝗠𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝗜𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝗛𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 👩‍⚕‍ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗠𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞💉🩺💊 • 📌𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 : / clinical.learning • Types Of Immunity: Types, Components, Types of immune cells: Pathology Hindi Lectures - • --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Introduction - • Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against infectious agents, toxins, and other harmful substances. The immune system is complex and involves various cells, proteins, and organs. There are two main types of immunity: Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity, each with distinct components and roles in protecting the body. • Types of Immunity - • 1. Innate Immunity (Non-Specific Immunity) • Definition: This is the first line of defense against infections and is present from birth. It acts quickly but does not provide long-lasting immunity. • Key Features: • Non-specific: Responds to all pathogens in the same way. • No memory: It doesn’t improve upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen. • Immediate action: Provides fast protection (minutes to hours). • Components of Innate Immunity • Physical Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes, and cilia in the respiratory tract prevent pathogen entry. • Chemical Barriers: Stomach acid, enzymes in tears, and antimicrobial proteins like lysozyme break down pathogens. • Cellular Defenses: • Phagocytes: Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells that engulf and digest pathogens. • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells. • Complement System: A group of proteins in the blood that aids in destroying pathogens by creating pores in their membranes. • 🛡️ Pathology of Innate Immunity: • The innate immune system identifies Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) present on microbes through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), leading to a quick immune response. • 2. Adaptive Immunity (Specific Immunity) • Definition: This type of immunity is acquired after exposure to pathogens or through vaccination. It is slower to respond initially but has memory and becomes faster and stronger upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen. • Key Features: • Specific: Tailored to individual pathogens. • Memory: Provides long-lasting immunity after initial exposure. • Delayed response: Takes days to weeks to become effective. • Components of Adaptive Immunity • Humoral Immunity (Antibody-Mediated): • B cells: Produce antibodies that target and neutralize pathogens. • Plasma Cells: Activated B cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies. • Memory B cells: Retain information about pathogens for faster responses in future encounters. • Cell-Mediated Immunity: • T cells: Directly destroy infected or cancerous cells and regulate the immune response. • Helper T cells (CD4+): Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. • Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+): Kill infected or tumor cells by inducing apoptosis (cell death). • Regulatory T cells (Tregs): Help modulate the immune response and prevent autoimmunity. • Memory T cells: Ensure quicker responses upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. • 🔬 Pathology of Adaptive Immunity: • Antigen-specific receptors (TCRs on T cells and BCRs on B cells) are key for recognizing pathogens. Once activated by an antigen, the adaptive immune system creates antibodies and cytotoxic responses to clear the infection. • Types of Immune Cells - • 🧫 Cells of the Innate Immune System: • Neutrophils: First responders to bacterial infections; engulf and destroy microbes. • Macrophages: Engulf pathogens and dead cells; also activate adaptive immunity. • Dendritic Cells: Present antigens to T cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Destroy virus-infected cells and tumors. • 🧬 Cells of the Adaptive Immune System: • B Lymphocytes (B Cells): Produce antibodies and form memory cells. • T Lymphocytes (T Cells): • Helper T Cells (CD4+): Activate immune responses by communicating with other immune cells. • Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+): Kill infected or cancerous cells. • Memory T Cells: Provide rapid responses upon re-infection. • Regulatory T Cells: Suppress excessive immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. • #Immunity101 #InnateImmunity #AdaptiveImmunity #ImmuneCells #TCells #BCells #PathologyLecture #Vaccination #MedicalEducation #HealthAwareness #ImmuneSystem

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