Money supply curve exogenous money supply curve endogenous money supply curve money and Banking

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#ECONOMICFORUPSC #Vishnueconomicsschool #NTANETECONOMICS • Download my app Vishnu ECONOMICS SCHOOL from play store or link is given below • https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... • TELEGRAM ;- https://t.me/Vishnueconomicsschool • WHATSAPP https://chat.whatsapp.com/Dd4096hYSAL... • APP https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... • WEBSITE www.vishnueconomicsschool.in • We cover • 1. UPSC MAIN ECONOMICS OPTIONAL • 2. NTA - NET ECONOMICS • 3. INDIAN ECONOMIC SERVICES • 4. RBI EXAM 5 NABARD EXAM • 6. DSSSB PGT ECONOMICS • 7 KVS/ NVS PGT ECONOMICS • 8.PGT ECONOMICS FOR OTHER STATE • 9 LECTURER UPHESB • 10 IGNOU MA ECONOMICS • 11 Delhi UNIVERSITY B.A, B.COM, ECO H, GE, ECO H • 12 MDU UNIVERSITIES • 13 MA ECO, M.COM, ECO H, BBE, BBA, MBA, • 14 . CBES BORAD FOR 11 AND 12 • 15 NIOS FOR CLASS 12 • 16. ICSE CLASS 12 • 17 XI , XII FOR DIFFERENT STATE BOARD • Endogenous money is an economy’s supply of money that is determined endogenously—that is, as a result of the interactions of other economic variables, rather than exogenously (autonomously) by an external authority such as a central bank. • The theoretical basis of this position is that money comes into existence through the requirements of the real economy and that the banking system reserves expand or contract as needed to accommodate loan demand at prevailing interest rates. • Central banks implement policy primarily through controlling short-term interest rates. The money supply then adapts to the changes in demand for reserves and credit caused by the interest rate change. The supply curve shifts to the right when financial intermediaries issue new substitutes for money, reacting to profit opportunities during the cycle. • Theories of endogenous money date to the 19th century, with the work of Knut Wicksell,and later Joseph Schumpeter. • With the existence of credit money, Wicksell argued, two interest rates prevail: the natural rate and the money rate. The natural rate is the return on capital—or the real profit rate. It can be roughly considered to be equivalent to the marginal product of new capital. The money rate, in turn, is the loan rate, an entirely financial construction. Credit, then, is perceived quite appropriately as money . Banks provide credit by creating deposits upon which borrowers can draw. Since deposits constitute part of real money balances, therefore the bank can, in essence, create money. • For Wicksell, the endogenous creation of money, and how it leads to changes in the real market is fundamentally a breakdown of the classical dichotomy between the monetary and real sectors. Money is not a veil - agents do react to it and this is not due to some irrational money illusion. However, for Wicksell, in the long run, the quantity theory still holds: money is still neutral in the long run • The theory is based on three main claims: • Loans create deposits: for the banking system as a whole, drawing down a bank loan by a non-bank borrower creates new deposits (and the repayment of a bank loan destroys deposits). So while the quantity of bank loans may not equal deposits in an economy, a deposit is the logical concomitant of a loan – banks do not need to increase deposits prior to extending a loan. • While banks can be capital-constrained, in most countries a solvent bank is never reserve-constrained or funding-constrained: it can always obtain reserves or funding either from the interbank market or from the central bank. • Banks rationally pursue any profitable lending opportunities that they can identify up to the level consistent with their level of capital, treating reserve requirements and funding issues as matters to be addressed later—or rather, at an aggregate level. • Therefore, the quantity of broad money in an economy is determined endogenously: in other words, the quantity of deposits held by the non-bank sector 'flexes' up or down according to the aggregate preferences of non-banks. Significantly, the theory states that if the non-bank sector's deposits are augmented by a policy-driven exogenous shock (such as quantitative easing), the sector can be expected to find ways to 'shed' most or all of the excess deposit balances by making payments to banks (comprising repayments of bank loans, or purchases of securities).

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