Freshman mid exam part 3 psychology detail explanation and answers

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#seifuonebs#forex#ethiomovies#freshman • The history of psychology is a fascinating journey through different schools of thought, each offering a unique perspective on the human mind and behavior. The early schools laid the foundation, while the modern schools have built upon and challenged these earlier ideas. Here's a look at some key distinctions: • Early Schools of Psychology: • • Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener): Focused on breaking down mental processes into their most basic components. They used introspection (looking inward) to study the structure of consciousness. This approach was criticized for being subjective and difficult to quantify. • • Functionalism (William James): Emphasized the purpose and function of mental processes in helping organisms adapt to their environment. It was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and focused on how mental processes helped humans survive and thrive. Functionalism broadened the scope of psychology beyond the study of consciousness. • • Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka): Focused on how the mind organizes and perceives information as a whole, rather than as separate elements. It emphasized the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, highlighting the importance of perception, learning, and problem-solving. • • Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud): Emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior. Freud believed that our thoughts, feelings, and motivations are largely driven by unconscious drives and conflicts. Psychoanalysis focused on therapy techniques like dream analysis and free association to uncover and resolve these unconscious conflicts. • • Behaviorism (John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner): Focused on observable behavior and its relationship to environmental stimuli. They believed that psychology should focus on studying behaviors that could be objectively measured and manipulated. Behaviorism led to the development of important learning theories like classical conditioning and operant conditioning. • Modern Schools of Psychology: • • Cognitive Psychology: Emerged in the mid-20th century, focusing on mental processes like perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive psychologists use experimental methods to study how people think and process information. • • Humanistic Psychology (Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers): Emphasized the importance of human potential, self-actualization, and personal growth. They believed that individuals have free will and the capacity for positive change. Humanistic psychology focused on understanding the individual's unique experiences and motivations. • • Biological Psychology (Neuropsychology): Investigates the biological underpinnings of behavior, including the role of the brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics. This approach bridges psychology with neuroscience and aims to understand how brain function influences behavior. • • Evolutionary Psychology: Applies principles of evolutionary biology to understanding human behavior. It explores how our psychological traits have been shaped by natural selection over generations. • • Positive Psychology: Focuses on the study of human strengths, well-being, and positive emotions. It aims to understand what makes people happy, resilient, and successful. • Key Differences between Early and Modern Schools: • • Focus: Early schools often focused on internal processes like consciousness and the unconscious mind. Modern schools tend to emphasize observable behavior, cognitive processes, and the biological basis of behavior. • • Methodology: Early schools relied heavily on introspection and case studies. Modern schools employ more objective research methods, such as experiments, surveys, and brain imaging. • • Scope: Early schools had a narrower focus, often focusing on specific aspects of human experience. Modern schools are more comprehensive and integrated, drawing upon insights from different disciplines. • Today, psychology is

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