inflammation 1 DRSameh Ghazy

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In this short tutorial i have described the the basic concepts of inflammation and described vascular changes in Acute inflammation.. Visit http://ilovepathology.com/ for more topics in Pathology! • ***Follow me**** • Twitter : / vijaypatho • / ilovepathology2 • Facebook: / ilovepathology • Inflammation : Definition Local response of living tissue To any injurious agent • Protective response needed for survival!Can Cause tissue damage by itself! • Historical Aspects • The word inflammation from the Latin inflammare (to set on fire). • Celsus , Roman Writer 1st century AD listed the four signs of inflammation. • He said “rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore” which meant “redness and swelling with heat and pain” • The 5th Sign “Functio leasa” Loss of function Was added by Rudolf Virchow In 19th Century • John Hunter, Scottish surgeon:1793: inflammation is not a disease but just a response! • Elie Metchinkoff: 1880s; A Russian zoologist, Discovered the process of Phagocytosis • The 5 “R”sSteps of inflammatory response • RECOGNITION of the injurious agent • RECRUITMENT of inflammatory cells ( leukocytes) • REMOVAL of the injurious agent • REGULATION ( control) of the inflammatory response • RESOLUTION/REPAIR • ACUTE INFLAMMATION • Vascular Changes • There will be increase in the blood flow • To bring cells and proteins to the site of injury • By vasodilatation increased vascular permeability • Cellular events • Recruitment of leukocytes • Activation of leukocytes leading to the process of destruction of invaders and production of mediators. • By Phagocytosis • How these stimuli are recognized by the host? • The antigen presenting cells/epithelial cells have RECEPTORS that sense these stimuli • Toll like receptors • Microbial sensors • Present in plasma membrane endosomes. • Recognize products of bacteria, virus and other pathogens ( almost all!!) • Results in production of mediators of inflammation • Inflammasome • Multiprotein cytoplasmic complex • Recognize products of dead cells • Activation of Caspase-1 • Activation of IL-1 which is the mediator of leukocyte recruitment. • These leukocytes phagocytose destroy dead cells. • Increased Vascular Permeability • Hallmark of Acute inflammation • There is escape of fluid, blood cells and proteins from the blood vessels into the interstitial tissue • Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability • Contraction of endothelial cells • Direct damage to endothelium/Endothelial injury • Endothelial injury due to leukocytes • Transcytosis

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