The Codex Washingtonianus The Third Oldest Gospel Collection

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The Codex Washingtonianus | The World’s Third Oldest Gospel Collection • A unique ending to the gospel of Mark. An extra passage in the Gospel of Mark: And Christ replied to them, 'The term of years of Satan's power has been fulfilled, but other terrible things draw near.' • Known as the Codex Washingtonianus, it dates back to the late fourth or early fifth century. National Geographic describes the ancient book: • It is written in Greek on parchment—processed leather scraped thin to form pages. The pages are sensitive to light and humidity, which is why the codex never leaves the museum and isn't exhibited very often. • There are only two other complete texts of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—that are older, added Craig Evans, a biblical scholar at Acadia University in Nova Scotia. They are the Codex Vaticanus, which is held at the Vatican, and the Codex Sinaiticus, most of which is held at the British Library in London. • They're both fourth century, said Evans. Somewhere between 330 and 340. The Codex Washingtonianus is in rarefied company, he added. • Historians especially value the book for the window it provides on early Christianity. When it was written, Christianity was just transitioning into a legal religion. Before then, Bible burnings were commonplace, perhaps explaining another of the Codex's quirks: the fact that it contains several distinct writing styles. As Holmes told NatGeo, The two scribes who transcribed the Washingtonianus likely copied from fragments of several Bibles—remnants perhaps from an attack on a Christian church. • https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-... • The Gospels in this codex are arranged in the “Western order” (Matthew, John, Luke, Mark). Interestingly, along with the longer ending of Mark (16. 9–20), Codex W includes an additional account of Jesus, referred to as the “Freer Logion” ever since its discovery. In contrast, within the Gospel of John the famous account of the woman caught in adultery (pericope adulterae) is missing. • The Freer Logion is short in length and features an alternative ending to Mark’s gospel. In it, the disciples address the resurrected Jesus and comment that the power of God cannot prevail over the current age of lawlessness, which is under Satan. They ask Christ to reveal his righteousness to which he replies that Satan’s time is fulfilled; however, other terrible things are yet to transpire. • The “Freer Logion” after verse 14. Saint Jerome also mentioned a part of it. • They excused themselves, saying, “This age of lawlessness and unbelief is under Satan, who does not allow the truth and power of God to prevail over the spirits’ unclean things. Therefore reveal thy righteousness now,” thus they spoke to Christ. Christ replied to them, “The term of years for Satan’s power has been fulfilled, but other terrible things draw near. For those who have sinned I was delivered over to death, that they may return to the truth and sin no more; that they may inherit the spiritual and incorruptible glory of righteousness which is in heaven.” • • https://ebible.org/web/MRK16.htm • … 8 [Mary Magdalene and two other women] went out, and fled from the tomb, for trembling and astonishment had come on them. They said nothing to anyone; for they were afraid. • 9 Now when he had risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons. 10 She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept. 11 When they heard that he was alive, and had been seen by her, they disbelieved. 12 After these things he was revealed in another form to two of them, as they walked, on their way into the country. 13 They went away and told it to the rest. They didn’t believe them, either.14 Afterward he was revealed to the eleven themselves as they sat at the table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they didn’t believe those who had seen him after he had risen. • Codex Washingtonianus • https://manuscripts.csntm.org/manuscr... • A translation of the Freer logion reads: And Christ replied to them, 'The term of years of Satan's power has been fulfilled, but other terrible things draw near.' • That passage seemed to address whether God or Satan was in charge, said Bethel University's Holmes. • What this means is that when Paul wrote, in the 50s CE, this was the resurrection faith of the early followers of Jesus. Since Matthew, Luke, and John come so much later, and clearly reflect the period after 70 CE when all of the first witnesses were dead–including Peter, Paul, and James the brother of Jesus, they are clearly 2nd generation traditions and should not be given priority. • https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/d...

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